MTA PSYC 1011 Chapter Eight: Thinking, Reasoning, and Language
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| Algorithm | A step by step learned procedure to solve a problem.
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| Availability Heuristic | Estimating the chances of something happening based on how easy it comes to our minds.
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| Babbling | Intentional vocalization that lacks specific meaning.
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| Bilingual | Being proficient in speaking and understanding two different languages.
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| Cognitive Bias | A systematic error in thinking.
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| Concept | Our knowledge and ideas about objects, actions, and characteristics that share core properties.
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| Decision Making | The process of selecting something among a set of possible alternatives.
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| Dialect | Language variation used by a group of people who share geographic proximity or ethnic background.
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| Extralinguistic Information | The elements of communication that are not the language itself but are critical to interpreting its meaning.
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| Framing | The way a question is posed that influences people's decisions.
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| Functional Fixedness | The difficulty to find ways to use objects outside of their original purpose.
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| Generative Nature of Language | Allows an infinite number of unique sentences to be created by combining words in new ways.
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| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to overestimate how well we could have predicted something after it has already occurred.
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| Homesign | A system of signs invented by children with hearing loss or difficulty who receive no language input.
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| Language | A mostly arbitrary system of communication that combines symbols, words, and signs in specific ways to create meaning.
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| Language Acquisition Device | The hypothetical brain structure in which Nativists believe knowledge of syntax resides.
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| Linguistic Determinism | The belief that all thought is represented verbally, which as a result means our language defines our thinking.
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| Linguistic Relativity | The view that characteristics of language play a role in our thought processes.
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| Mental Set | The tendency of getting stuck in a specific problem-solving strategy, which inhibits our ability to create new strategies.
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| Metalinguistic | The awareness if how language is structured and used.
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| Morpheme | The smallest meaningful unit of speech.
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| Nativist | An account of language acquisition that suggests children are born with basic knowledge of how language works.
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| One-Word Stage | An early stage in language development when children use single-word phrases to convey thought.
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| Phoneme | A category of sounds our vocal apparatus produces.
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| Phonetic Decomposition | A reading strategy that involves sounding our words by relating printed letters to sounds.
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| Problem Solving | Generating cognitive strategies to accomplish a goal.
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| Representative Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of an event by basing it on how similar it is to a known situation (stereotype).
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| Semantics | The meaning derived from words and sentences.
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| Sign Language | Language developed by members of a community with hearing loss that use visual rather than auditory communication.
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| Social Pragmatics | An account of language acquisition that suggests that children infer what words and sentences mean from context and social interactions.
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| Syntax | Grammatical rules that govern how words are used meaningfully.
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| Thinking | Any mental activity or processing of information, such as learning, remembering, perceiving, communicating, believing, and deciding.
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| Whole Word Recognition | A reading strategy that involves identifying common words based on their appearance without having to sound them out.
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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