MTA PSYC 1001 Chapter Seven: Memory
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| Memory Illusion | A false but subjectively compelling memory.
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| Memory | Is the retention of information over time.
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| Paradox of Memory | Is the contradiction of our memories being very good in some situations, while being very poor in other situations.
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| Hyperthymestic Syndrome | A memory of life events that is greatly superior to a normal person.
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| Sensory Memory | First major type of memory, which is tied closely to the raw materials of our experiences and perceptions of the world and briefly holds perceptual information.
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| Short Term Memory | Second major type of memory, which uses what is passed from sensory memory and turns it into more meaningful material.
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| Long Term Memory | The third and final type of memory, which retains important information passed from short term memory.
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| Iconic Memory | Visual sensory memory.
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| Eidetic Imagery | Otherwise called photographic memory, is when one can hold a visual image in their mind with extreme clarity.
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| Echoic Memory | Auditory sensory memory.
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| Working Memory | Is our ability to hold on to information we're currently thinking about, attending to, or processing actively.
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| Decay | The fading of information from our memory over time.
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| Interference | The loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information.
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| Retroactive Interference | Is when learning something new hampers with what one has learned before.
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| Proactive Interference | Is when learning something new is more difficult because of what one has learned before.
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| Magic Number | Is the span of short term memory, according to George Miller, which is seven plus or minus two pieces of information.
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| Chunking | Organizing material into meaningful groupings.
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| Rehearsal | Repeating information mentally or vocally to extend the duration of information in the short term memory.
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| Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating stimuli in its original form.
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| Elaborative Rehearsal | Linking stimuli to other things to remember them better.
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| Levels of Processing | The depth of transforming information influences how easily we remember it.
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| Permastore | The type of long term memory that appears to be permanent.
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| Primacy Effect | The tendency to remember stimuli, like words, early in a list.
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| Recency Effect | The tendency to remember stimuli later in a list.
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| Serial Position Curve | Is a graph that depicts primacy and recency effects on people's ability to recall items on a list.
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| Semantic Memory | Our knowledge of facts about the world. (explicit memory)
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| Episodic Memory | Our recollection of events in our lives. (explicit memory)
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| Explicit Memory | Are the memories that one recalls intentionally and of which they have conscious awareness.
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| Implicit Memory | Are the memories one doesn't deliberately remember or reflect on.
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| Procedural Memory | Is the memory for how to do things, which include motor skills and habits. (implicit memory)
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| Priming | Is our ability to identify a stimulus more easily after we've encountered similar stimuli.
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| Encoding | Is the first process of memory, which involves getting information into our memory banks.
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| Mnemonic | Are learning aids, strategies, and devices that enhance recall.
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| Storage | Is the second process of memory, which is about keeping information in memory.
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| Retrieval | Is the third and final process of memory, which is reconstructing memories from our memory banks.
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| Retrieval Cues | Hints that make it easier for one to recall information.
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| Recall | One of the ways to assess memory, which is generating previously remembered information.
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| Recognition | One of the ways to assess memory, which is selecting previously remembered information from an array of options.
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| Relearning | One of the ways to assess memory, which is reacquiring knowledge that one has previously learned but was largely forgotten.
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| Distributed vs Massed Practice | States that studying information in small increments over time is better than studying large increments over a brief amount of time.
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| Tip of the Tongue Phenomenon | Is the experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it.
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| Encoding Specificity | Remembering something better when the conditions of when we retrieve the information are similar to when we encoded it.
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| Context-Dependent Learning | Is when retrieval of information is better when the external context of the information matches the retrieval context.
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| State-Dependent Learning | Is when retrieval of information is better when one is in the same physiological or psychological state as when they encoded it.
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| Retrospective Bias | Is when one's psychological state distorts their memories of their past.
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| Engram | Was the "physical trace of each memory in the brain", sought after by Karl Lashley.
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| Long Term Potentiation | Is the gradual strengthening of the connections of neurons from repeated stimuli.
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| Retrograde Amnesia | The loss of past memories.
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| Anterograde Amnesia | The inability to encode new memories.
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| Habituation | A decrease in attention to familiar stimuli.
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| Meta-Memory | Is the knowledge of our own memory abilities and limitations.
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| Infantile Amnesia | Is the inability to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age.
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| Guided Imagery | When therapists ask clients to imagine past events.
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| Hypnotic Age Regression | Is when therapists use hypnosis to "return" clients to the psychological state of childhood.
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| Flashbulb Memories | Are emotional memories that are extraordinarily vivid and detailed.
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| Source Monitoring Confusion | The lack of clarity about where a memory came from.
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| Imagination Inflation | Is imagining an event increases the confidence in the likelihood that it occurred.
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| Cryptomnesia | The failure to recognize that our ideas originated with someone else.
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| Suggestive Memory Techniques | A procedure that encourages patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place.
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| Misinformation Effect | Providing people with misleading information after an event can lead to fictional memories.
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| Weapon Focus | The tendency to focus on the weapon of an assailant when being threatened, rather than their appearance.
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