Chapter 1 Trends/Theories/Diversity
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| Nuclear Family | a family group consisting of parents and their biological or adopted children
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| single-parent family | one parent and his or her biological or adopted children
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| blended family | a family created by remarriage and includes at least one child from a prior relationship
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| extended family | one’s relatives beyond the nuclear and blended family level
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| Intimacy | the social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and physical trust that is mutually shared between family members
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| socialization | parents, family, and friends transmit the culture of the mainstream society and the family to the newborn
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| social construction of reality | what people define as real because of their background assumptions and life experiences with others
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| Primary socialization | all the ways the newborn is molded into a social being capable of
interacting in and meeting the expectations of society
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| Secondary socialization | occurs in later childhood and adolescence when children go to school and come under the influence of non-family members
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| third level of socialization | occurs as we assume adult roles such as wife/husband/employee/etc
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| Unwed mothers | mothers who are not legally married at the time of the
child’s birth
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| Ascribed status | present at birth and is said to be unchangeable (race, sex, or class
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| Achieved status | attained through one’s choices and efforts (college student, movie star, teacher, or athlete)
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| Master Status | a status which stands out above other statuses and which distracts others from seeing who one really is
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| Role strain | the burden one feels due to the varied roles within any given status
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| role conflict | when the roles in one status come into conflict with the roles in another status
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| group | set of two or more people who share a common identity, interact regularly, have shared expectations, and function in their mutually agreed upon roles
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| aggregate | number of people in the same place at the same time
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| category | number of people who share common characteristics
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| Dyads | groups with two people
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| triads | groups with three people
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| primary groups | tend to be small, informal, and intimate (e.g., families, friends)
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| secondary groups | tend to be larger, more formal, and much less personal (e.g., a study group, an individual and his coworker.)
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| Personal troubles | private problems experienced within the character of the individual and the range of their immediate relation to others
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| Public issues | beyond one’s personal control and the range of one’s inner life. These pertain to society’s organization and processes
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| Social facts | social processes rooted in society rather than in the individual
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| false social consciousness | an ignorance of social facts and the larger social picture
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| Culture | the shared values, norms, symbols, language, objects, and way
of life that is passed on from one generation to the next
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| Ethnocentrism | the tendency to judge others based on our own
experiences
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| cultural relativism | the tendency to look for the cultural context in which differences in cultures occur
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| life chances | access to basic opportunities and resources in the marketplace
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| family of origin | the family into which one was born in
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| family of procreation | the family one creates by marriage, childbirth, adoption
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| Demography | the scientific study of population growth and change
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| natural increase | all births minus all deaths in a given population over a given time period
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| net migration | all in-migration minus all out-migration in a given population over a given time period
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| Theories | sets of interrelated concepts and ideas that have been scientifically tested and combined to magnify, enlarge, clarify, and expand our understanding of people, their behaviors, and their families.
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| macro theories | theories which best fit the study of massive numbers of
people (typically Conflict and Functional theories)
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| micro theories, | theories which best fit the study of small groups and their members (typically Symbolic Interactionism).
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| STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY | claims society in state of balance, kept that way through function of society’s component parts. Society studied same way human body studied: analyzing specific systems are working/not working, diagnosing problems, devising solutions restore balance.
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| Equilibrium | the state of balance maintained by social processes that help society adjust and compensate for forces that might tilt it onto a path of destruction
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| Symbolic Interactionism | claims that society is composed of ever-present interactions among individuals who share symbols and their meanings
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| The Thomas Theorem | often called the “definition of the situation.” It says that if people perceive or define something as being real, then it becomes real in its consequences
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| Family Systems Theory | the family is understood best by conceptualizing it as a complex, dynamic, and changing collection of parts, subsystems and family members
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| Boundaries | distinct emotional, psychological, or physical separateness
between individuals, roles, and subsystems in the family
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| flexibility | When a family experiences a crisis, often these boundaries are rearranged.
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| Family Developmental Theory | used to explain patterns of change, the dynamic nature of
families, and how change occurs within the family life cycle
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| stage 1 of the family life cycle | Stage 1: Married Couples without Children.
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| stage 2 of the family life cycle | Stage 2: Childbearing Families which starts at the birth of the first child and continues until the oldest child is 2½ years old.
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| stage 3 of the family life cycle | Stage 3: Families with Preschool Children where the oldest child is 2½ -6 years old.
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| stage 4 of the family life cycle | Stage 4: Families with Schoolchildren where the oldest child is 6-13 years old.
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| stage 5 of the family life cycle | Stage 5: Families with Teenagers where the oldest child is 13-20 years old.
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| stage 6 of the family life cycle | Stage 6: Families as Launching Centers. This starts when the first child leaves home and continues until the last child leaves home.
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| stage 7 of the family life cycle | Stage 7: Middle-Age Parents which continues until retirement.
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| stage 8 of the family life cycle | Stage 8: Aging Families which continues until the death of one spouse.
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| developmental tasks | growth responsibilities that arise at certain stages in the life of the family.
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| social exchange theory | marital quality and stability have posited that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of mate selection and of remaining in a marriage. used to guide the investigation of divorce
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| Outcomes | rewards or costs which are received or incurred by actors from each other in an exchange relationship.
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| Resources | possessions or behavioral capabilities (human capital) which have value to others and to oneself (e.g., a husband’s job and income
have value to his wife)
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| Alternatives | the variety of possible exchange relations available to individuals.
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| exchange relationship is imbalanced | the individual who is less dependent will have the most power, or the power advantage
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| Ecological Theory | interdependent environment; whole system/parts interdependent/operate relation each; change part affects whole/other parts; dependent world resources; family development; family interact environments; interactions regulated laws nature/human-derived rules
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| microsystem | immediate social settings in which an individual is involved in
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| mesosystem | links two microsystems together, direct or indirectly
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| exosystem | settings in which the person does not actively participate but in which significant decisions are made affecting other individuals who do interact directly with the person
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| macrosystem | the “blueprints” for defining and organizing the institutional life of the society, including overarching patterns of culture, politics, economy, etc
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| chronosystem | encompasses change or consistency over time in the characteristics of the person and the environment in which the person lives (e.g., changes in family structure, SES, place of residence and community, society, cultural, and historical changes)
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| Feminist theory | under critical theory umbrella, purpose of destabilizing systems of power/oppression. considers lived experience of any person/people, not just women, with an emphasis on oppression. feminism is movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation and oppression
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| positivism | scientifically-based sociological research that uses scientific tools such as survey, sampling, objective measurement, and cultural and historical analysis to study and understand society
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| social statics | why societies remain the same
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| social dynamics | why societies change
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| objectivity | the ability to study and observe without distortion or bias, especially personal bias
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| agents | people who use their agency to make choices based on their varied motivations
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| hypothesis | the researcher’s educated belief about what they will find
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| probability samples | each member of the population has a known chance of being selected
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| nonprobability sampling | members are selected from the population in some nonrandom
manner
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| random sampling | each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
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| Convenience sampling | used when you don’t have a list of everyone in your population so you choose participants because they are convenient to you
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| quantitative data | data that is, or can be converted to, numbers
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| qualitative data | data that can’t be converted to numbers; data that is about the quality of something
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| validity | the study must actually test what you intended to test
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| reliability | the ability to repeat findings of a research study
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| surveys | research instruments designed to obtain information from individuals who belong to a larger group, organization, or society
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| Polls | surveys which collect opinions
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| response rate | the percentage of people who complete your survey
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| Valid survey questions | questions that are accurate and measure what they claim they’ll measure
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| Reliable questions | questions that are relatively free from bias errors which might taint the findings
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| Open-ended questions | questions designed to get respondents to answer in their own words
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| Closed-ended questions | questions designed to get respondents to choose from a list of responses you provide to them
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| Likert scale questions | statements which respondents are asked to agree or disagree with
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| Demographic questions | questions which provide the basic categorical information about respondents such as age, sex, race, educational level, marital status, etc
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| Nominal level data | data with no standard numerical values
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| Ordinal level data | categories with an order to them
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| Interval level data | categories with an order, but we add standard numerical values with regular intervals
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| Ratio level data | adds a real zero starting point for the numerical values
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| Variables | vary by respondent
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| Dependent variables | change in response to the
influence of independent variables; they depend upon the independent variables
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| Independent variables | variables that when manipulated will stimulate a change upon the dependent variables
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| mean | the arithmetic score of all the numbers divided by the total number of students
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| median | the exact midpoint value in the ordered list of scores
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| mode | the number which occurs most often
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| outliers | the especially low or high numbers in the series
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| Ethics | standards of what is right and wrong
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| secondary analysis | When a researcher analyzes existing data
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