Biochemical Molecules and Processes - Vitamins, Coenzymes + Ions PT1 - 14/10/24
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| cofactor? | non protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is bound to a protein and is required for proteins biological activity
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| what is a non protein chemical compound or metallic ion bound to a protein and is required for protein's biological activity | cofactor
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| what do coenzymes act as? | group transfer reagents
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| group transfer reagent? | coenzymes
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| metabolite coenzymes? | synthesised from common metabolites
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| vitamin derived coenzymes? | derivatives of vitamins
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| ATP acts as what? | metabolite coenzyme
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| why does ATP act as a metabolite coenzyme? | participates in various metabolic processes and facilitates biochemical reactions
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| what can ATP do? | store and transport chemical energy
donate phosphate groups via phosphorylation
couple exergonic and endergonic reactions
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| exergonic reaction? | energy released to surroundings
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| vitamins? | essential for normal growth and development required in tiny amounts
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| why must vitamins be supplied in diet? | cannot be synthesised in mammalian cells
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| vitamins are required for what? | coenzyme synthesis
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| how are most vitamins transformed to the coenzyme | enzymatically transformed
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| deficit of vitamins? | result in correspondent coenzyme resulting in disease
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| vitamins have what in the metabolic reactions? | catalytic functions (cofactors)
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| vitamins have catalytic functions (cofactors) in metabolic reaction and do not what? | do not act as building substrates
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| vitamins have specific what? | specific functions in metabolism
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| vitamin A? | vision growth repair of body tissues
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| vitamin D? | calcium and phosphorus metabolism and absoprtion
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| vitamin E? | protects red blood cells
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| vitamin K? | blood clotting proteins, calcium metabolism
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| thiamin? | coenzyme for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
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| riboflavin? | coenzymes helping to form FMNH2 and FADH2
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| niacin? | coenzymes NAD and NADPH are involved with 100s of enzymes involved in metabolism of carbs
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| patothenic acid? | coenzyme in energy metabolism important in formation of acetyl CoA incolved in TCA cycle to release energy
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| thiamine? | B1
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| riboflavin | B2
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| niacin | B3
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| panthotenic acid | B5
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| pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine? | B6
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| biotin / vitamin H? | B7
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| folic acid? | B9
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| cyanocobalamin? | B12
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| vit c? | ascorbic acid
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| vit A? | retinol retinal retinoic acid
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| vit d3? | cholecalciferol
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| vit d2? | ergocalciferol
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| vit e? | alpha tocopherol
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| vit k1? | phylloquinones
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| vit k2? | menaquinones
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| fat soluble vitamins? | A, D2,D3, E, K1,K2
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| water soluble vitamins? | B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12
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| water soluble vitamins? | absorbed directly into bloodstream via AT or FD
primarily absorbed in intestine
readily excreted from body
not readily stored, consistent daily intake important
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| water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly where? | bloodstream
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| water soluble vitamins require regular intake why? | not readily stored and are readily excreted from body
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| fat soluble vitamins are incorporated where? | micelles using bile acids
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| where do micelles transport fat soluble vitamins? | intestinal cells
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| what happens to fat soluble vitamins transported into the intestinal cells using micelles | absorbed in intestinal cells
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| when the fat soluble vitamins are absorbed into intestinal cells they are packaged as what? | chylomicrons
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| chylomicrons are too large to enter what? | capillaries
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| as chylomicrons are too large to enter chylomicrons where are they delivered? | lymphatic system
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| where are the chylomicrons stored? | liver and adipose tissue
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| chylomicrons are not what? | not readily excreted from body
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| how can accumulation of toxic quanntities of vitamin A and D occur? | excessive consumption
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| chylomicrons? | protein coated lipid found in absorptive cell of small intestine
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| micelle? | bile coated lipid droplets in lumen of small intestine
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| vitamin disease? | disease caused by chronic long term vitamin deficieny
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| avitaminosis? | condition caused by complete deficiency in one or more vitamins
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| hypovitaminosis? | state of partial deficiency
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| cofactor? | non protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is bound to a protein and is required for proteins biological activity
🗑
|
||||
| what is a non protein chemical compound or metallic ion bound to a protein and is required for protein's biological activity | cofactor
🗑
|
||||
| what do coenzymes act as? | group transfer reagents
🗑
|
||||
| group transfer reagent? | coenzymes
🗑
|
||||
| metabolite coenzymes? | synthesised from common metabolites
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin derived coenzymes? | derivatives of vitamins
🗑
|
||||
| ATP acts as what? | metabolite coenzyme
🗑
|
||||
| why does ATP act as a metabolite coenzyme? | participates in various metabolic processes and facilitates biochemical reactions
🗑
|
||||
| what can ATP do? | store and transport chemical energy
donate phosphate groups via phosphorylation
couple exergonic and endergonic reactions
🗑
|
||||
| exergonic reaction? | energy released to surroundings
🗑
|
||||
| vitamins? | essential for normal growth and development required in tiny amounts
🗑
|
||||
| why must vitamins be supplied in diet? | cannot be synthesised in mammalian cells
🗑
|
||||
| vitamins are required for what? | coenzyme synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| how are most vitamins transformed to the coenzyme | enzymatically transformed
🗑
|
||||
| deficit of vitamins? | result in correspondent coenzyme resulting in disease
🗑
|
||||
| vitamins have what in the metabolic reactions? | catalytic functions (cofactors)
🗑
|
||||
| vitamins have catalytic functions (cofactors) in metabolic reaction and do not what? | do not act as building substrates
🗑
|
||||
| vitamins have specific what? | specific functions in metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin A? | vision growth repair of body tissues
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin D? | calcium and phosphorus metabolism and absoprtion
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin E? | protects red blood cells
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin K? | blood clotting proteins, calcium metabolism
🗑
|
||||
| thiamin? | coenzyme for conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A
🗑
|
||||
| riboflavin? | coenzymes helping to form FMNH2 and FADH2
🗑
|
||||
| niacin? | coenzymes NAD and NADPH are involved with 100s of enzymes involved in metabolism of carbs
🗑
|
||||
| patothenic acid? | coenzyme in energy metabolism important in formation of acetyl CoA incolved in TCA cycle to release energy
🗑
|
||||
| thiamine? | B1
🗑
|
||||
| riboflavin | B2
🗑
|
||||
| niacin | B3
🗑
|
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| panthotenic acid | B5
🗑
|
||||
| pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine? | B6
🗑
|
||||
| biotin / vitamin H? | B7
🗑
|
||||
| folic acid? | B9
🗑
|
||||
| cyanocobalamin? | B12
🗑
|
||||
| vit c? | ascorbic acid
🗑
|
||||
| vit A? | retinol retinal retinoic acid
🗑
|
||||
| vit d3? | cholecalciferol
🗑
|
||||
| vit d2? | ergocalciferol
🗑
|
||||
| vit e? | alpha tocopherol
🗑
|
||||
| vit k1? | phylloquinones
🗑
|
||||
| vit k2? | menaquinones
🗑
|
||||
| fat soluble vitamins? | A, D2,D3, E, K1,K2
🗑
|
||||
| water soluble vitamins? | B1,B2,B3,B5,B6,B7,B9,B12
🗑
|
||||
| water soluble vitamins? | absorbed directly into bloodstream via AT or FD
primarily absorbed in intestine
readily excreted from body
not readily stored, consistent daily intake important
🗑
|
||||
| water soluble vitamins are absorbed directly where? | bloodstream
🗑
|
||||
| water soluble vitamins require regular intake why? | not readily stored and are readily excreted from body
🗑
|
||||
| fat soluble vitamins are incorporated where? | micelles using bile acids
🗑
|
||||
| where do micelles transport fat soluble vitamins? | intestinal cells
🗑
|
||||
| what happens to fat soluble vitamins transported into the intestinal cells using micelles | absorbed in intestinal cells
🗑
|
||||
| when the fat soluble vitamins are absorbed into intestinal cells they are packaged as what? | chylomicrons
🗑
|
||||
| chylomicrons are too large to enter what? | capillaries
🗑
|
||||
| as chylomicrons are too large to enter chylomicrons where are they delivered? | lymphatic system
🗑
|
||||
| where are the chylomicrons stored? | liver and adipose tissue
🗑
|
||||
| chylomicrons are not what? | not readily excreted from body
🗑
|
||||
| how can accumulation of toxic quanntities of vitamin A and D occur? | excessive consumption
🗑
|
||||
| chylomicrons? | protein coated lipid found in absorptive cell of small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| micelle? | bile coated lipid droplets in lumen of small intestine
🗑
|
||||
| vitamin disease? | disease caused by chronic long term vitamin deficieny
🗑
|
||||
| avitaminosis? | condition caused by complete deficiency in one or more vitamins
🗑
|
||||
| hypovitaminosis? | state of partial deficiency of one or more vitamins which could lead to various health issues
🗑
|
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| hypervitaminosis? | develops upon only prolonged use of excessive amount of vitamins
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| hypervitaminosis A? | often result from excessive high dose animal liver consumption leading to nausea headache and potential liver damage
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| vitamin b6 toxicity? | typically from excessive and vitamin B6 supplements leading to nerve damage causing numbness and difficulty walking
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| avitaminosis/ hypovitaminosis? | any disease caused by chronic or long-term vitamin deficiency or caused by a defect in metabolic conversion
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