Soil Chemistry
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| Importance of soil chemistry? | show 🗑
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| What four things are essential to plant nutrients? | show 🗑
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| show | obtained by photosynthesis, NOT soil nutrients
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| Primary macronutrients - Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium | show 🗑
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| Secondary macronutrients - Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur | show 🗑
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| show | Boron, Chloride, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc, Nickel
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| show | Cobalt - only N-fixation
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| show | Sodium - high levels cause soil crusting;
Aluminum - becomes toxic to plants in acidic soils;
Silicon - Abundant in soils, no benefit or harm
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| What are two sources of soil nutrients? | show 🗑
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| show | Soil minerals;
Organic matter;
absorbed on soil colloids;
soil solution
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| Soil Colloids | show 🗑
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| What are positively charged ions called? | show 🗑
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| Cations | show 🗑
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| Typical proportions of Cations in Soils | show 🗑
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| show | Total number of exchangeable cations a soil can hold;
relative to negative charge, Clay and OM have greatest influence, measures as milliequivalents per 100g of soil
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| show | anions
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| show | Chloride - CL-;
Nitrate - NO3-;
Sulfate - SO4-2;
Borate - BO4-3;
Phosphate - H2PO4, H2PO4-2
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| Anion Retention in soils | show 🗑
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| show | soil reaction (pH) is an indication of the acidity/basicity of the soil;
at pH 7, Hydrogen ion concentration equals the hydroxyl ion concentration
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| show | Hydrogen causes acidity;
Hydroxyl causes basic condition (alkaline)
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| show | negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity (concentration);
pH = -log[H+];
as pH decreases by one unit, acidity increases 10-fold
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| show | influences availability of plant nutrients;
may influence toxicity of aluminum;
influence activity of soil microorganisms;
influence soil applied herbicide activity
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| Plant Nutrients Availability | show 🗑
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| show | acidity releases aluminum from soil minerals
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| show | determines if able/available to kill weeds;
determines the degradation rate
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| What are some of the main ways soils become acidic? | show 🗑
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| show | ammonium/ammonium phosphate
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| heavy precipitation = | show 🗑
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| because crops grown, | show 🗑
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| show | Active acidity - measured directly by pH meter to test Hydrogen in soil solution;
Reserve acidity - hydrogen held on soil exchange sites/organic matter that is available to replace the hydrogen in soil solution: Al3+ + H+
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| show | lime or calcium carbonate: CaCO3
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| show | soil test to determine lime required;
plan ahead bc lime takes time;
lime particles size determines how fast neutralization occurs;
limes works best when applied early
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| Soil tests for lime? | show 🗑
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| How can you manage to lower the soil pH? | show 🗑
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| Poor drainage: | show 🗑
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| Elemental sulfur: | show 🗑
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| Salinity | show 🗑
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| What are some causes of salinity? | show 🗑
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| show | Lancaster and Saunders counties
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| show | and inorganic material/mutually charged molecule that can dissolve in water
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| How is salinity measured? | show 🗑
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| What are two different ways to manage saline soils? | show 🗑
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| What are the minimum requirements for saline soil reclamation? | show 🗑
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| show | high concentration of sodium (Na)
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| show | soil aggregates are destroyed;
causes poor drainage/crusting
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| show | the basic rule;
may need to grow salt-tolerant crop until process in complete
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| show | good drainage - outlet to send sodium when it is displace;
source of calcium/exchange process - gypsum (CaCO4 x 2H2O);
source of water to flush sodium from system
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| In what ways is salinity stress similar to draught? | show 🗑
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| What can an accumulation of Na+ do? | show 🗑
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| show | inhibit photosynthesis
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Created by:
horktera
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