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Principles of Soils Test

Enter the letter for the matching Definition/Answer
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1.
What element is essential for Nitrogen-Fixation by Legumes?
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2.
What is Soil pH?
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3.
What are two sources of soil nutrients?
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4.
Aluminum Toxicity Influence
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5.
pH
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6.
heavy precipitation =
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7.
What are some steps to managing soil pH and Lime?
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8.
Plant Nutrients Availability
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9.
What are the four pools of soils elements?
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10.
Where is salinity in soils a problem in Nebraska?
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11.
What is the importance of soil pH?
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12.
Sodicity =
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13.
Secondary macronutrients - Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur
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14.
Poor drainage:
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15.
What are some of the sources of soil acidity?
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16.
Typical proportions of Cations in Soils
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17.
What changes may sodic soils (sodium) make to soil physical properties?
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18.
How can you manage to lower the soil pH?
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19.
What are three other important soil Elements?
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20.
What are positively charged ions called?
A.
Lancaster and Saunders counties
B.
install subsurface till drainage
C.
acidity releases aluminum from soil minerals
D.
most come from SOIL MINERALS, but nitrogen comes from ORGANIC MATTER
E.
apply elemental sulfur to naturally high pH soils; high pH caused by poor drainage
F.
soil test to determine lime required; plan ahead bc lime takes time; lime particles size determines how fast neutralization occurs; limes works best when applied early
G.
direct effect on Fe, Mn, Ca, Zn, Mo; Neutral pH favors mineralization from organic matter
H.
soil aggregates are destroyed; causes poor drainage/crusting
I.
leaching of bases
J.
Sodium - high levels cause soil crusting; Aluminum - becomes toxic to plants in acidic soils; Silicon - Abundant in soils, no benefit or harm
K.
Soil minerals; Organic matter; absorbed on soil colloids; soil solution
L.
soil reaction (pH) is an indication of the acidity/basicity of the soil; at pH 7, Hydrogen ion concentration equals the hydroxyl ion concentration
M.
Sulfur is common fertilizer need in sandy soils; Calcium and magnesium are found in many soil parent materials
N.
high concentration of sodium (Na)
O.
Active acidity - measured directly by pH meter to test Hydrogen in soil solution; Reserve acidity - hydrogen held on soil exchange sites/organic matter that is available to replace the hydrogen in soil solution: Al3+ + H+
P.
cations
Q.
negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity (concentration); pH = -log[H+]; as pH decreases by one unit, acidity increases 10-fold
R.
influences availability of plant nutrients; may influence toxicity of aluminum; influence activity of soil microorganisms; influence soil applied herbicide activity
S.
Cobalt - only N-fixation
T.
Calcium - 75-85%; Magnesium - 12-18%; Potassium - 1-5%; Sodium - 1%; Others - 1%
Type the Definition/Answer that corresponds to the displayed Term/Question.
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21.
What can an accumulation of Cl- do?
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22.
What can an accumulation of Na+ do?
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23.
Negatively charged ions =
Type the Term/Question that corresponds to the displayed Definition/Answer.
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24.
soil bacteria converts to sulfuric acid; not economical for field crops
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25.
clay and humus particles; carry slight negative charge; quantity of colloids in soil determined by soil texture/OM; interact closely with chemicals that have positive charge
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26.
Potassium - K+; Sodium - Na+; Ammonium - NH4+; Hydrogen - H+; Calcium - Ca++; Magnesium - Mg++
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27.
obtained by photosynthesis, NOT soil nutrients
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28.
good drainage - outlet to send sodium when it is displace; source of calcium/exchange process - gypsum (CaCO4 x 2H2O); source of water to flush sodium from system
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29.
high concentration of total salts
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30.
Boron, Chloride, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Zinc, Nickel

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