SGIII
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| show | Innermost shell of the eye
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| Visual Pathway of light | show 🗑
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| 3 cells of the visual pathway | show 🗑
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| show | 1. interneurons2. neuroglial cells
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| show | modify signal as it goes through the retina
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| types of interneurons | show 🗑
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| types of neuroglial cells? | show 🗑
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| show | -supportive, maintains physiologic environemnt of retina
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| what are microglia? | show 🗑
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| what are astrocytes? | show 🗑
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| what are neuroglial cells? | show 🗑
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| show | 10. RPE 9. Photoreceptor Layer 8. External Limiting Membrane 7. Outer Nuclear Layer 6. Outer Plexiform Layer 5. Inner Nuclear Layer 4. Inner Plexiform Layer 3. Ganglion Cell Layer 2. Nerve Fiber Layer 1. Internal Limiting Membrane
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| show | monolayer of cuboidal cells
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| show | extends delicate, microvillous processes to fold/lock together with the photoreceptors for phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor discs.
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| show | contains the outermost portions of th ephtooreceptors (specifically photopigment portion)
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| PR cells are specialized for? | show 🗑
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| show | OUTER: capture light INNER: transmit neural signal
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| Two types of receptors are? | show 🗑
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| Common parts to both rods and cones? | show 🗑
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| Outer Segment (OS) is made up of? | show 🗑
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| Location of the photopigment | show 🗑
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| show | areas inside the disc vs area between the disc
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| orientation of the OS | show 🗑
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| show | project from the RPE and surround the distal 1/3 of the OS. Then the RPE will phagocytize the discs that are shed
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| What does the PR layer contain? | show 🗑
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| show | highly specialized for the process of converting light energy into a neural message (phototransduction)
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| Adaptation of the outermost vs inner part of the PR | show 🗑
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| show | Rods and Cones
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| Common features of rods and cones | show 🗑
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| What is the OS made of? | show 🗑
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| show | membrane of the disc and the plasma membrane of the photoreceptors
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| extradisc space vs intradisc space | show 🗑
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| Orientation of the OS | show 🗑
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| show | microvilli project from the RPE and develop the distal 1/3 of the OS. Then the RPE phagozytizes the shed disc
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| What is the cilium? | show 🗑
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| show | Ellipsoid- closer to the OS; contains mitochondria making the ellipsoid the powerhouse of the cell; myoid- closer to cell body and contains organelles involved in syntehsizing protein (ER and Golgi apparatus)
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| show | from the inner segment to the cell body
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| show | contains the nucles of the photoreceptor
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| What is the inner fiber? | show 🗑
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| What photopigment does all rods contain? | show 🗑
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| Location of the rods? | show 🗑
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| show | scotopic vision= vision in dim light; about 92-120 million rods
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| show | because of its long slender shape.
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| show | rod outer segment is made up of 600-1000 discs piled on top of each other. ecah disc membrane is seaparte from the plasma membrane of the cell (excep the base).
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| Where is the photopigment of the rod (rhodopsin) located? | show 🗑
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| What is the protein synthesized in the inner segment used for? | show 🗑
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| show | Disc gradually moves outward to be shed. Then the RPE phagocytizes the shed disc of the rodOS.
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| show | early morning
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| show |
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| what is the cilium? | show 🗑
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| What two regions make up the inner segment? | show 🗑
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| show | closer to the OS; contains mitochondria, making the ellipsoid region the powerhouse of the cell
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| what is the myoid region? | show 🗑
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| Where is the Outer Fiber located? | show 🗑
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| show | nucleus of the photoreceptor
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| show | axon of the photoreceptor
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| What does the Inner Fiber form? | show 🗑
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| show | scotopic vision= dim light; ~92-120 million rods for vision
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| What photopigment does all rods contain? | show 🗑
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| Where are rods located? | show 🗑
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| Why is the rod OS called a rod? | show 🗑
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| where is the photopigment of the rod (rhodopsin) located? | show 🗑
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| what is the protein synthesized in the inner segment used for? | show 🗑
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| show | early morning
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| Describe the synaptic terminal of the RODS | show 🗑
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| How many cones are there during photopic and color vision? | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 cones and their regions in the light spectrum? | show 🗑
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| show | wider at the base and taper towards the apex (gives cone appearance)
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| What time of day are the cones discs shed? | show 🗑
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| show | larger than rod nuclei.
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| where are one of the three photopigments stores? | show 🗑
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| show | inner fibers form a terminal structure= pedicle. the pedicle synapses with several interneurons
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| At high magnification, the thin dark line of the ELM is seen as dots, what do each ddots represent? | show 🗑
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| show | a barrier to the passage of large molecules into and out of the reinta.
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| show | nuclei of the photoreceptor cells (rods and cones). they lie closer to the outer edge near the ELM
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| show | bipolar and horizontal cells
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| why is the middle limiting membrane (a discontinuous membrane) is often seen as a series of dashed lines in a histological section of the retina? | show 🗑
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| What are synaptic densities? | show 🗑
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| What is the middle limiting membrane? | show 🗑
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| show | bipolar cells, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, interplexiform cells, and Muller cells
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| How do the bipolar cells and ganglion cells contact the photoreceptors? | show 🗑
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| show | this layer marks the deepest penetration of blood vessels from the central retinal vasculature in the normal retina
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| show | nerve fibers( mainly the dendrities of the ganglion cells and the axons of the bipolar cells)
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| What are Retinal ganglion cells? | show 🗑
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| What are the ganglion cell layers? | show 🗑
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| What is the Nerve Fiber Layer made of? | show 🗑
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| why does the NFL increase in thickness when moving towards the optic nerve head? | show 🗑
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| where are the central retinal vessels located? | show 🗑
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| show | closest to the vitreous cavity of ALL the sensory retinal layers
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| what is the ILM is formed by? | show 🗑
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| What is the central retina designed for? | show 🗑
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| The central retina contains what 3 structures? | show 🗑
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| show | DIAMETER: 5.5 mm; CENTER: 3.5mm LATERAL to the edge of the optic disc 1mm BELOW the center of the disc
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| Why does the macula appear as a darker region in the central retina? | show 🗑
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| WHy is there a yellow hue observed in the macula? | show 🗑
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| show | best visual acuity due (ojnly cones are found here)
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| show | ONLY CONES
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| What is the diameter of the fovea? | show 🗑
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| What is the clivus? | show 🗑
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| What causes the shallow depression in the fovea? | show 🗑
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| show | horizontally oriented (not vertical as everywhere else in the retina)outer plexiform layer that have the inner fivers of the photoreceptrs
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| show | 0.4 to 0.5 mm zone located in the central fovea so taht the light directed toward the OS is not impeded
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| show | center of the fovea where cones are most concentrated. DIAMETER .35mm
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| show | PRESENT: internal limiting membrane, Muller cell processesABSENT: inner retinal layers
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| show | Umbo is a reflex. during a clinical exam, the umbo is observed in the center of the foveola
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| Location of rods/cones in the peripheral retina | show 🗑
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| show | peripheral retina terminate.neural retina continuous with non-pigmented ciliary epithelium. RPE continuous with pigmented ciliary epithelium
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| How did the ora seratta get its name? | show 🗑
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| What is the ILM of the retina continuous with? | show 🗑
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| What are the two layers of the retain suppled by? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. enter retina through optic disc (slighlty nasal to central retinal vein) 2. CRA branches 3a. superior retinal artery 3b. inferior retinal artery 4. both branch into nasal and temporal branches to feed their respective quadrants by many smaller branche
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| show | In the NFL beneath the ILM
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| What are 2 capillary beds in the retina? | show 🗑
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| capillaries of the retina | show 🗑
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| Where is the cilioretinal artery? | show 🗑
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| What happens if there is a blockage to the cilioretinal artery? | show 🗑
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| Regulation of retina vs choroid | show 🗑
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| show | follows the arterial supply then drains via central retinal vein
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Created by:
dyoungee
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