AP Psych Learning and Development unit
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| show | The study of how people grow and change physically, cognitively, socially, and emotionally over their lifespan.
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| show | The measurement of age based on time from birth.
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| Lifespan Development | show 🗑
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| show | The debate on which traits persist and which change throughout life.
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| Nature and Nurture | show 🗑
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| Continuous Development | show 🗑
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| show | The idea that development occurs in distinct stages.
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| show | The end of menstruation and reproductive ability in women, typically occurring in middle age.
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| Sex | show 🗑
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| show | Social and cultural roles, behaviors, and identity associated with being male or female.
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| Socialization | show 🗑
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| show | Mental frameworks that help organize and interpret information.
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| show | Incorporating new experiences into existing schemas.
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| Accommodation | show 🗑
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| show | Piaget’s first stage (birth-2 years) where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor activities.
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| show | Understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible.
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| Preoperational Stage | show 🗑
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| show | Internal representations of objects and events that allow for thought without direct interaction.
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| show | Symbolic play where children act out roles and scenarios using imagination.
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| Conservation | show 🗑
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| Reversibility | show 🗑
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| show | The belief that inanimate objects have human-like qualities.
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| show | The inability to see the world from another person’s perspective.
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| show | Understanding that others have thoughts, feelings, and perspectives different from one's own.
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| show | Piaget’s third stage (7-11 years) where children develop logical thinking but struggle with abstract ideas.
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| show | Logical and organized problem-solving skills.
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| show | Piaget’s fourth stage (12+ years) where abstract and hypothetical thinking develops.
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| show | The ability to think about complex concepts beyond direct experience.
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| Hypothetical Thinking | show 🗑
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| Scaffolding | show 🗑
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| Zone of Proximal Development | show 🗑
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| Crystallized Intelligence | show 🗑
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| Fluid Intelligence | show 🗑
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| show | A decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life.
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| Language | show 🗑
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| show | The smallest units of sound in language.
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| show | The smallest units of meaning in language.
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| Semantics | show 🗑
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| Grammar | show 🗑
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| Syntax | show 🗑
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| Nonverbal Gestures | show 🗑
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| Cooing | show 🗑
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| Babbling | show 🗑
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| show | Stage in language development where toddlers use single words to express whole ideas.
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| show | Early speech stage in which toddlers use short, simple sentences without unnecessary words.
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| Overgeneralization of Language Rules | show 🗑
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| show | Bronfenbrenner’s theory that development is influenced by different levels of environmental systems.
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| show | The immediate environment influencing an individual (e.g., family, school).
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| Mesosystem | show 🗑
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| show | External settings that affect an individual indirectly (e.g., parents’ workplace).
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| Macrosystem | show 🗑
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| show | How life events and historical contexts impact development.
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| Stage Theory of Psychosocial Development (Erikson) | show 🗑
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| show | Infants learn to trust caregivers or develop mistrust (0-1 year).
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| show | Toddlers develop independence or doubt their abilities (1-3 years).
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| Initiative vs. Guilt | show 🗑
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| show | Children develop pride in accomplishments or feel inferior (6-12 years).
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| Identity vs. Role Confusion | show 🗑
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| Intimacy vs. Isolation | show 🗑
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| show | Adults contribute to society or feel a lack of purpose (40s-60s).
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| show | Older adults reflect on life with satisfaction or regret (60+ years).
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| show | Traumatic events during childhood that impact lifelong health and well-being.
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| show | Commitment to an identity after exploring options.
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| show | Lack of commitment or exploration of identity.
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| show | Commitment to an identity without exploration.
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| Moratorium (Adolescent Development) | show 🗑
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| Racial/Ethnic Identity | show 🗑
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| Sexual Orientation | show 🗑
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| show | Sense of belonging to a religious group.
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| Occupational Identity | show 🗑
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| show | Sense of self in relation to one’s family.
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| Possible Selves | show 🗑
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| Behavioral Perspective | show 🗑
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| Classical Conditioning | show 🗑
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| Association | show 🗑
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| Acquisition | show 🗑
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| show | Learning that certain events occur together.
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | show 🗑
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| show | A natural reaction to the UCS.
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| show | A previously neutral stimulus that, after conditioning, triggers a response.
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| Conditioned Response (CR) | show 🗑
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| show | The disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
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| show | The reappearance of a conditioned response after a pause.
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| show | Learning to respond only to a specific stimulus.
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| Stimulus Generalization | show 🗑
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| show | When a new neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus by being paired with an existing conditioned stimulus.
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| show | Replacing an undesired response with a desirable one through conditioning.
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| Taste Aversion | show 🗑
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| show | Learning that occurs after a single pairing of a stimulus and response.
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| show | Innate tendencies to form certain associations more easily.
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| show | Learning that occurs immediately after one exposure.
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| show | A decrease in response to a repeated stimulus over time.
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| Operant Conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | A stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
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| show | A stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
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| show | Behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened, and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.
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| show | Tendency for animals to revert to instinctual behaviors despite conditioning.
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| show | Behavior that is accidentally reinforced, leading to repeated actions.
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| show | Feeling powerless due to repeated negative experiences.
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| show | Patterns of reinforcement delivery.
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| show | Learning through observation and imitation.
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| Vicarious Conditioning | show 🗑
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| Modeling | show 🗑
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| show | Sudden realization of a solution to a problem.
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| show | Learning that occurs but is not immediately demonstrated.
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| Cognitive Maps | show 🗑
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