Enzymes Part I
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| show | the concentrations just become constant
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| show | [product]/ [reactant]
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| show | the more favorable direction of the reaction
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| if arrow on top is larger pointing to right, the [product]/ [reactant] will be | show 🗑
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| show | less than 1 because rxn favors left side
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| show | negative; if delta G is positive, the reaction has no tendency to go forward (concentration of products higher than reactants)
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| if delta G is positive, the reactants are | show 🗑
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| show | globular proteins; speed rxn by lowering AE
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| show | no answer
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| show | cofactor
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| show | coenzyme- Ex: NADP(H), NAD(H), ATP
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| organic or inorganic cofactor that is TIGHTLY bound to enzyme | show 🗑
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| folded polypeptide chain of a cnjugated protein | show 🗑
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| complete, biologically active protein conjugate, consisting of folded polypeptide chains and relevant cofactors | show 🗑
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| show | how heat affects proteins
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| show | max level is achieved then it drops off with further increase in temp
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| show | 40 degrees; optimal is 37 degrees
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| pH can cause enzyme to perform better or worse depending on | show 🗑
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| show | active site
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| active site is 3D and dynamic | show 🗑
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| show | non-covalent bonds
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| active site is specifically catered to a specific molecule | show 🗑
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| show | saturated
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| Enzymes ability to reduce delta G | show 🗑
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| show | Entropy reduction- "S"; disorder
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| some enzymes can have multiple active sites | show 🗑
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| show | General acid- base catalysis; structural mechanism for delta G reduction; accounts for pH dependence of enzyme activity
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| show | Covalent catalysis; delta G reduction
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| show | oxidoreductase; transferase; hydrolase; lyase; isomerase; ligase/synthetase
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| Enzyme reactions:catalyze oxidation/reduction reactions, transfer electrons from one compound to another, thus changing the oxidation state of both substrates. | show 🗑
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| show | Transferases; (kinases; adds phosphate group, ATP is source of phosphate)
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| Enzyme reactions:cleave carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen, or carbon-sulfur bonds by adding water across the bond. | show 🗑
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| show | MM MM notes
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| more specific indicator of liver inflammation than AST | show 🗑
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| show | organ other than liver
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| show | Hydrolases
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| show | 7-27
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| normal ALT level | show 🗑
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| show | heart or muscles in MI or pancreatitis
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| too much tylenol or drinking | show 🗑
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| Maltose --> Glucose with Maltase enzyme | show 🗑
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| show | Lyases; water can be a produt but not used to break hydrate the molecule
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| show | Isomerases
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| show | Ligases/Synthetases;Ligases differ from lyases in that they utilize the energy obtained from cleavage of a high-energy bond to drive the reaction usually ATP.
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| show | isoenzymes(isozymes) Ex: lactate dehydrogenase. May also have different reaction rates/tissue distributions. They usually share the same name and are differentiated by the addition of letters or numbers (i.e. LDH1, LDH2, LDH3, etc.)
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| direct, reversible inhibition at an enzyme’s active site by the product of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction | show 🗑
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| Products can often weakly inhibit the enzymes that produced them because | show 🗑
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| show | product inhibition
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| Allosteric regulators bind enzyme at a location distinct from the active site | show 🗑
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| when a downstream product inhibits an upstream enzyme | show 🗑
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| phosphorylation reults in conformational changes that | show 🗑
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| show | remove phosphate group from enzyme
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| a large inactive form of an enzyme that can be activated by proteolytic cleavage | show 🗑
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| show | they end up digesting pancreatic tissue
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| Enzyme synthesis and deradation | show 🗑
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| show | amount of enzyme generated can be increased or decreased based on physiological needs; ex, insulin can induce synthesis of an enzyme
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| show | product inhibition; allosteric regulation; covalent modification; protein-protein regulation; zymogen cleavage; enzyme synthesis and degradation
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| show | isoenzymes; normally in the cell but are released into the blood
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| show | 18-36 hours; in chronic disease, like cancer, blood enzymes are elevated
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| most common enzymes used to diagnose MI are | show 🗑
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| Three isozymes of Cystolic CK | show 🗑
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| show | In the brain
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| The CK-MM isozyme is usually seen where? | show 🗑
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| Which CK isozyme is more predominant in the heart? | show 🗑
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| Baseline CK activity in the plasma is usually | show 🗑
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| Two plasma CK assays are useful in diagnosing heart attack | show 🗑
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| show | no answer
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| Elevated LDL1 is indicative of what? | show 🗑
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| Total LDL elevation OTHER than the "flip" scenaario indicate what? | show 🗑
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| show | liver damage; ALT also indicates but is more specific
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| show | congestion of bile tract; GGT can also indicate this but is more specific to liver
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| GGT (not as frequent as AST or ALT) | show 🗑
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| show | Streptokinase (streptase)
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| Reduce the size of a thrombus after a heart attack | show 🗑
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| show | Asparaginase (Elspar)
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| show | Lactase (Lactaid);undigested lactose is bacterially fermented in intestines, produces gas; enzymes from Aspergillis fungi
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angieryx
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