Anatomy Vocab Ch 7 Marieb
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| nervous system | master controlling and communicating system of the body; considered by structure and functional classifications
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| sensory receptors | monitor changes occuring inside and outside the body
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| stimuli | actions that cause sensory receptors in the body to respond
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| sensory input | information gathered by the sensory receptors; processes and interprets to decide what should be the correct response
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| integration | the process of intrepreting sensory input and deciding what the response should be
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| motor output | the response by way of muscle or gland reaction, to integration or sensory input
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| central nervous system (CNS) | consists of brain and spinal cord, occupying the dorsal body cavity, integrating and command centers of the nervous system
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the nervous system outside the central nervous system, nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord
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| spinal nerves | carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
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| cranial nerves | carry impulses to and from the brain
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| afferent (sensory) | nerves that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors
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| somatic sensory fibers | deliver impulses from the skin, skelatal muscles and joints; afferent division
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| visceral sensory fibers | sensory fibers transmitting impulses from visceral organs; afferent division
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| efferent (motor) | carry impulses away from the central nervous system to effect organs, muscles and glands
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| central nervous system (CNS) | consists of brain and spinal cord, occupying the dorsal body cavity, integrating and command centers of the nervous system
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| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | the nervous system outside the central nervous system, nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord
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| spinal nerves | carry impulses to and from the spinal cord
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| cranial nerves | carry impulses to and from the brain
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| afferent (sensory) | nerves that convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors
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| somatic sensory fibers | deliver impulses from the skin, skelatal muscles and joints; afferent division
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| visceral sensory fibers | sensory fibers transmitting impulses from visceral organs; afferent division
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| efferent (motor) | carry impulses away from the central nervous system to effect organs, muscles and glands
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| somatic nervous system | allows conscious or voluntary control of skeletal muscles; AKA voluntary nervous system
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| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | regulates events that are automatic, ie. smooth, cardiac and glands; AKA involuntary nervous system; parasympathetic and sympathetic having opposite effects
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| parasympathetic and sympathetic | have opposite effects; actions of the autonomic nervous system
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| nervous tissue | two types of cells, supporting and neurons
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| neuroglia | nerve glue, support, insulate and protect neurons
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| glial cells (glia) | neuroglia all having special functions; astrocytes, microglia, ependymal and oligodendrocytes; not able to transmit nerve impulses; never lose ability to divide
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| astrocytes | star-shaped cells, account for almost half of neural tissue; swollen ends that cling to neurons; form the living barrier between capillaries and neurons
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| microglia | spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris, dead brain cells, bacteria
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| ependymal | line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord; help circulate cerebrospinal fluid
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| oligodendrocytes | wrap flat extensions around nerve fibers, produce fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheath
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| supporting cells of the PNS | Schwann and Satellite cells
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| Schwann cells | form the myelin sheath around nerve fibers
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| Satellite cells | protective cushioning cells
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| neurons (nerve cells) | transmit message (impulses) from one part of the body to another; all have cell body and extensions from outer membrane of the cell; are excited by neurotransmitters released by other neurons
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| cell body | metabolic center of the neuron; contain abundant neurofibrils
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| Nissl substance | rough ER of the cell body of the neuron
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| neurofibrils | intermediate filaments that maintain cell body shape
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| neuron (parts of) | cell body, processes, myelin sheaths
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| processes of the neuron | armlike fibers microscopic to 3 feet long; convey messages; dendrites and axons
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| dendrite | process that conveys incoming messages toward the cell body
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| axon | process that conveys outgoing messages away from the cell body
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| axon hillock | the process that arises from the axon for relaying messages
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| axon terminal | terminals contain hundreds of vesicles containing neurotransmitters
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| neurotransmitter | when stimulated released into extracellular space; chemicals that transmit messages
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| synaptic cleft | what separates neurons from each other
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| synapse | the junction of neurons
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| myelin sheath | whitish, fatty material, protects and insulates fibers and increase transmission rate of nerve impulses
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| neurilemma | external to the myelin sheath, part of the Schwann cell, "neuron husk"
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| nodes of Ranvier | indentations of the myelin sheath between the joints of the Schwann cells
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| nuclei | clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system
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| ganglia | small collections of cell bodies, in a few sites outside the CNS in the PNS
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| tracts | bundles of nerve fibers or neuron processes of the CNS
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| white matter | consists of dense collections of myelinated fibers of the CNS
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| gray matter | contains mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies in the CNS
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| receptors | activated by specific changes occurring nearby
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| cutaneous sense organs | receptors of the skin; ie. pain receptors
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| proprioceptors | sensory receptors of the muscles and tendons; detect the amount of stretch or tension in skeletal muscles, tendons, joints; advise our brains of our own movements
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| interneuron (association neurons) | connect the motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways, always found in CNS
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| multipolar neuron | neuron having several processes extending from the cell body; most common structural type of neuron
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| bipolar neuron | neuron with two processes, an axon and dendrite; rare in adults
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| unipolar neuron | have a single process emerging from cell body; conducts nerve impulses both toward and away from the cell body; found in PNS
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| nerve impulses | irritability and conductivity
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| polarized | a resting or inactive neuron; fewer positive ions on the inner face of the neuron's plasma membrane than on the outer face
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| cell ions | positive ions inside cell are potassium (K+), ions on outside of cell sodium (Na+)
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| sodium ions (sodium entry) | when neuron is stimulated the sodium channels in cell membrane open allowing diffusion into the neuron changing polarization
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| depolarization | the changing of polarity of the neuron's membrane
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| graded potential | the rate of potential change when positive and less positive balance
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| repolarization | the outflow of positive ions restoring the electrical condition at the membrane to a resting state; neurons cannot conduct another response until repolarization
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| electrochemical event | transmission of an impulse
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| reflexes | raid, predictable and involuntary responses to stimuli; always go in the same direction
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| reflex arcs | neural pathway involving both CNS and PNS structures
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| somatic reflex | all reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles
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| autonomic relfex | regulate the activity of digestion, elimination, blood pressure and sweating
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| integration center | the synapse between the sensory and motor neurons, found in the CNS
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| knee-jerk response | two-neuron reflex arc, simplest found in humans
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| flexor or withdrawal freflex | three-neuron reflex arc; five elements: receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron and effector
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| nervous system disorder | reflexes become exaggerated, distorted, or absent; often occur before pathological condition is found
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| neural tube | central nervous system embryonic form of spinal cord and brain
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| ventricles | chambers of the brain
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| brain | largest and most complex mass of nervous tissue in the body, weighs just over three pounds
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| regions of the brain | cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
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| cerebrum | the paired cerebral hemispheres, superior part of the brain, the largest of the brain regions
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| gyri | elevated ridges of tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres
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| sulci | shallow grooves found in the gyri
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| fissures | deep grooves separating regions of the brain
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| longitudinal fissure | separates the cerebral hemispheres
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| regions of cerebral hemisphere | cortex, white matter, basal nuclei
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| cerebral cortex | control speech, memory, logical and emotional response, consciousness, interpretation of sensation, voluntary movement
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| primary somatic sensory area | in the cerebral cortex, in the parietal lobe; impulses from body's sensory receptors localized and interpreted here; recognize pain, cold, light touch
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| sensory homunculus | spatial map, upside down or reverse in the sensory area
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| occipital lobe | visual area of the cerebral cortex
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| temporal lobe | auditory area of the cerebral cortex
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| primary motor area | allows us to consciously move skeletal muscles
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| corticospinal (pyramidal) tract | motor tract descending to the spinal cord
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| motor homunculus | the body map of the motor cortex
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| Broca's area | specialized cortical area involved in ability to speak
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| speech area | located at the junction of temporal, parietal and occipital lobes
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| frontal lobe | part of the cerebral cortex involved with language comprehension
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| cerebral gray matter | contains cell bodies found only in cerebrum, of cerebral cortex
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| cerebral white matter | composed of fiber tracts carrying impulses to or from within the cortex
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| corpus callosum | large fiber tract connects cerebral hemispheres; AKA commisures; allows cerebral hemispheres to communicate with each other
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| association fiber tracts | connect areas within a hemisphere
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| projection fiber tracts | connect cerebrum with lower central nervous system centers
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| basal nuclei (basal ganglia) | islands of gray matter deep within the white matter of cerebral hemisphere; help regulate voluntary motor activity
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| diencephalon (interbrain) | sits atop the brain stem, enclosed by cerebral hemispheres; major structures are thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
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| thalamus | encloses shallow third ventricle of brain, relay station for sensory impulses passing to the sensory cortex
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| hypothalamus (see limbic system) | under the thalamus, makes up floor of the diencephalon; plays a role in regulation of body temperature, water balance and metabolism; center of drives and emotions
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| limbic system | hypothalamus, the emotional-visceral brain, controls thirst, appetite, sex drive, pain, pleasure centers
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| pituitary gland | hangs from the anterior floor of the hypothalamus; produces hormones
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| mammillary bodies | reflex centers involved in olfaction, sense of smell
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| epithalamus | forms the roof of third ventricle; contain pineal body and choroid plexus; forms cerebrospinal fluid
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| brain stem | 3 inches long; structures are midbrian, pons, medulla oblongata; provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts, contains small gray matter areas; control activities breathing, blood pressure.
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| midbrain | relatively small part of the brain stem, extends from mammillary bodies to pons;
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| cerebral aqueduct | tiny canal that travels through midbrain and connects third ventricle of diencephalon the fourth venticle
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| cerebral peduncles | little feet of the cerebrum, convey ascending and descending impulses
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| corpora quadrigemina | four rounded protrusions, bulging neuclei; reflex centers involved with vision and hearing
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| pons | rounded structure protruding just below midbrain; means bridge; mostly fiber tracts; involved in the control of breathing
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| medulla oblongata | most inferior part of brain stem, merges into spinal cord; contains nuclei that regulate vital visceral activities; control center for heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting
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| retucular formation | entire length of the brain stem, diffuse mass of gray matter, involved in motor control of visceral organs
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| reticular activating system (RAS) | plays a role in consciouness and awake/sleep cycles
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| cerebellum | cauliflower-like, has two hemispheres, provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity and controls balance and equilibrium; continuously compares brains intentions with body performance
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| meninges | connective tissue membrane covering and protecting the brain; the dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
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| dura mater | outermost layer of the meninges, leathery, has different layers
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| periosteal layer | of the dura mater, is attached to the inner surface of the skull
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| meningeal layer | of the dura mater, forms the outermost covering of the brain and continues as the dura mater of the spinal cord
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| dural venous sinuses | collect venous blood, separation areas of the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater
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| falx cerebri | one of the folds that attach the brain to the cranial cavity
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| tentorium cerebelli | separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
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| arachnoid mater | middle weblike meningeal layer
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| subarachnoid space | the space between the arachnoid and pia mater; is filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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| pia mater | delicate, clings tightly to surface of the brain and spinal cord, follows every fold
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| arachnoid villi | protrude through the dura mater, absorbs venous blood in the dural sinuses
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| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges, serious threat to the brain
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| encephalitis | brain inflammation, spreading into the nervous tissue of the central nervous system
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| cerebrospinal fluid | similar to blood plasma, contains less protein and more vitamin C, formed from blood by the choroid pexuses; forms a cushion that protects the fragile nervous tissue
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| hydrocephalus | water on the brain; causes the head to enlarge as the brain increases in size
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| blood-brain barrier | the least permeable capillaries in the body; almost seamlessly bound together by tight junctions of water-soluble substances so that only water based stubstances can pass thru; super tight protection of the brain
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| concussion | when brain injury is slight, no permanent brain damage
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| contusion | the result of tissue destruction
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| intracranial hemorrhage | bleeding from ruptured vessels
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| cerebral edema | swelling of the brain due to inflammatory response to injury
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| cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) | stroke
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| Alzheimer's disease | progressive degenerative disease of the brain resulting in dementia
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| Parkinson's disease | results from a degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the substantia nigra; neuclei become overactive
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| hemiplegia | one-sided paralysis
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| aphasia | loss of ability to speak
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| temporary ischemic attack | restriction of blood flow, temporary, symptoms as numbness, temproary paralysis, impaired speech; "red flag" of impending stroke (CVA)
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| spinal cord | approx 17 inches long, the continuation of the brain stem; two-way conduction pathway to and from the brain, major reflex center
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| cauda equina | spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal; looks like a horse's tail
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| gray matter of the spinal cord | looks like a butterfly or the letter H in cross section; dorsal (posterior) horns, ventral (anterior) horns; gray matter surrounds the central canal of the cord
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| dorsal root | where the sensory neuron is under the spinal cord
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| dorsal root ganglion | the enlarged area of the dorsal root
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| ventral root | contains the cell bodies of motor neurons of the somatic nervous system
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| spinal nerves | where the dorsal and ventral roots fuse
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| flaccid paralysis | nerve impulses do not reach the muscles affected, no vountary movement is possible
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| spastic paralysis | affected muscles stay healthy because they are stimulated by spinal reflex arcs, movement is involuntary and not controllable
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| white matter of the spinal cord | 3 columns: dorsal, lateral and ventral
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| endoneurium | a delicate connective tissue sheath surrounding a neuron fiber
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| perineurium | course connective tissue wrapping, surrounding the neuron fiber
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| fascicles | nerve fiber bundles
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| mixed nerves | nerves carrying both sensory and motor nerve fibers
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| cranial nerves | serve primarily the head and neck, numbered in their order
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| dorsal and ventral rami | the division of the spinal nerve containing both motor and sensory fibers
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| plexuses | complex network of nerves
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| preganglionic axon | the axon before the ganglion
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| postganglionic axon | the extention of the pre. axon to the organ it serves
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| sympathetic division | mobilizes the body during extreme situations such as fear, exercise or rage
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| parasympathetic division | allows us to unwind and conserve energy
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| pelvic splanchnic nerves | pelvic nerves, leaving the spinal cord and traveling to the pelvic cavity
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| sympathetic division | fight-or-flight system; activity is evident when we are excited or find ourselves in threatening situations
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| parasympathetic division | most active when the body is at rest and not threatened; resting-and-digesting state; housekeeping period for the body
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| cerebral palsy | neuromuscular disability in which the voluntary muscles are poorly controlled and spastic due to brain damage
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| anencephaly | failure of the cerebrum to develop, resulting in child who cannot hear, see or process sensory input
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| spina bifida | vertebrae form incompletely; several varieties, the worst leaves the spinal cord functionless
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| orthostatic hypotension | the body's inability to react quickly to counteract the pull of gravity, low blood pressure resulting from changes in postion (lightheadedness)
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| arteriosclerosis | cause a decrease in supply of oxygen to the brain neurons
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| senility | forgetfulness, irritability, difficulty in concentration or thinking clearly
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