Anatomy - The reproductive System
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| The main job of the ______________________ is to ensure that continuation of the human species. | reproductive system
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| Humans, like all sexually reproducing organisms, contain specialized organs called __________ that aid in sexual reproduction. | gonads
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| Sexual reproductive organ | Gonad
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| The gonad starts to develop in the embryo at ______ weeks and takes on its earliest functions at _____ weeks | 4.5, 11.5
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| At first the gonad is a mass of cells derived from the same _______ that forms the kidneys | mesoderm
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| Unique to the gonad are mobile cells called _____________________ | specialized germ cells (SCGs)
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| ______________________– A cell in the gonad involved in sexual reproduction | Specialized Germ Cell (SGC)
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| At ___ weeks, the SGCs develop the ability to undergo meiosis after that point of development; the gonad becomes an ___________ or a ________. | 7, ovary,testis
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| ________________– Developmental differences that distinguish the two genders | Sexual Dimorphism
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| _____________________– Anatomical features that distinguish males from females | Secondary Sex Characteristics
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| - Secondary sex characteristics become evident after ____ weeks of embryological development. | 14
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| ______________– The stage of development when sexual reproduction becomes possible | Puberty
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| - Integrated into the reproductive systems of females and males is the ________ from the urinary system. | urethra
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| The female reproductive system is divided into the _______________ and the ________________. | reproductive tract,mammary glands
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| _____________ – Connected muscular tubes that are involved in female reproduction | Reproductive Tract
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| _______________ – Sex organs on the outside of the body | External Genitalia
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| _______________ – A tube that extends from the uterus and ends proximal to the ovary | Fallopian Tube
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| _____________ – A pear-shaped organ that nourishes the growing embryo | Uterus
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| ___________ – A muscular canal running from the uterus to the exterior of the body | Vagina
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| the reproductive tract is composed of the ________________, fallopian tubes, _____________, and vagina | ovaries,uterus
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| ________________ are paired accessory organs of the female reproductive system | Mammary glands
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| _______________ are paired, oval-shaped organs responsible for egg formation and sex-hormone production. | Ovaries
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| _________________ – A strip of connective tissue that attaches the ovary to the uterus | Ovarian Ligament
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| Ovaries are composed of an outer _____________ and an inner _____________ layer | cortex,medulla
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| The cortex is composed of a cellular connective tissue where the ____________ are located | eggs
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| ____________– A term for the female sex cell, or egg | Ovum
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| • A loose connective tissue that contains numerous blood vessels and nerves makes up the _____________. | medulla
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| The _______________ of the ovary does not produce eggs. Rather, it stores immature eggs in fluid-filled sacs called ovarian follicles. | cortex
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| ____________________ – A fluid-filled sac in which an egg matures | Ovarian Follicle
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| • Ovarian follicles consist of an immature egg, or ______________, which is surrounded by special follicle cells. | oocyte
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| An _______________ is a cell that has not yet undergone a complete meiosis | Oocyte
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| - Many scientists believe that the ovary contains about ______ million oocytes by month ______ of embryological development. | 7,6
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| Approximately _____K to ____K oocytes are present by puberty | 40, 60
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| About _______ oocytes mature within a lifetime | 400
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| ____________________ – A nearly mature egg or ovum | Graafian follicle
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| The ovum ruptures out of the Graafian follicle during ________________ | ovulation
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| After release from the follicle, the egg enters the ___________________ | fallopian tube
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| • Follicles are also responsible for producing ______________ and secreting it into the blood stream | estrogen
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| The enzyme _______________ converts hormones called androgens into estrogen | aromatase
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| ____________ – A hormone that maintains body structure and provides male sex characteristics | Androgen
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| Androgens are secreted by the ovaries and ___________________ | adrenal glands
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| Large levels of _______________ cause the male sex characteristics to develop | androgens
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| A structure called the ___________________ makes progesterone | corpus luteum
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| ________________– A structure formed in the follicle after the egg is released at ovulation | Corpus Luteum
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| _________________ – An enzyme that helps to convert cholesterol into progesterone | Desmolase
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| _________________ – A condition in which it is not clear at birth whether the individual is a male or female | Intersex
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| _________________ – Another name for fallopian tube | Oviduct
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| One fallopian tube leads to each ovary on the respective side; however, they do not make contact with the ___________. | ovary
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| ___________________ – The fusion of sperm and egg | Feritilization
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| _________________ – Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tube | Fimbriae
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| _______________ contain a high density of ciliated cells whose wave-like movements sweep the ovulated egg into the opening of the fallopian tubes | Fimbriae
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| ______________ – The middle muscular layer of the fallopian tube | Myosalpinx
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| • Muscular contractions of the myosalpinx move the egg through the fallopian tube to the _____________ | uterus
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| _________________ – Two sheets of epithelium attached to the fallopian tube and uterus | Broad Ligaments
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| The ______________, or womb is a hollow muscular organ where the embryo and fetus develop | uterus
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| _____________ – Another name for the uterus | Womb
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| The outerlayer of the womb _____________, is a connective tissue covering that attaches laterally to the broad ligament | perimetrium
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| The middle muscular layer of the womb is the _____________, is very thick and is innervated by autonomic nerves. | myometrium
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| Muscles of the myometrium contract in response to the hormone ______________ | oxytocin
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| ___________ – The thick mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus | Endometrium
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| _______________ layer is rich in blood vessels and varies in thickness with the menstrual period | Endometrium
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| ___________________ – The cyclic shedding of the endometrium | Menstrual Period
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| The uterus is divided into ___________ regions | three
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| Connected to the fallopian tubes is the upper region of the uterus called the ____________ | uterine fundus
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| The ___________ has a thicker endometrium and myometrium than the rest of the uterus | fundus
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| ________________ – The lower third of the uterus | Lower Uterine Segment
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| ________________ – The lowermost part of the uterus, which opens into the vagina | Cervix
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| The _____________ has a rich supply of blood vessels and an abundance of lymphatic vessels | cervix
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| The ___________ is a muscular passage that connects the uterus to the external genitalia. | vagina
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| _______________ – Mucus producing glands at the base of the female urethra | Skene’s Glands
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| ______________ – A diamond-shaped region making up the base of the pelvic region | Perineum
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| ______________– The external female genitalia | Vulva
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| ______________– A pad of fat tissue that covers the pubic bone in females | Mons
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| The mons is rich in ______________ associated with sexual sensitivity | nerves
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| _______________ – Outer lips of the vulva | Libia Mojora
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| _______________ – Inner lips of the vulva | Labia Minora
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| The _______________ are pads of fat tissue that wrap around the vulva from the mons to the perineum. | labia majora
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| labia majora are covered with pubic hair after puberty, and have many _____________ and _______________ glands | sweat,sebaceous
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| ______________ – A small piece of erectile tissue within the labia minor | Clitoris
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| The _________________ is a small piece of highly innervated erectile tissue involved in the sexual response. | clitoris
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| ______________ – A tissue capable of filling with blood and swelling | Erectile Tissue
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| Covering the clitoris is a thin strip of labia minora called the ______________ | clitoral hood
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| ____________– A thin membrane partially covering the opening of the vaginal at birth | Hymen
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| Each mammary gland is divided into ______ to ______ lobes composed of loose connective tissue and glands. | 15, 20
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| The _____________ glands within the lobes secrete milk into lactiferous ducts | exocrine
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| ___________________ – Ducts of the mammary glands that carry milk to the nipples | Lactiferous Ducts
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| _______________ – A small raised area in the center of each mammary gland | Nipple
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| Around each nipple is a circular area of pigmented skin called the _____________ | areola
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| _________________ – The formation of milk by the mammary glands | Lactation
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| Human milk has higher ______________ and lower ________________ content than other animal milk | carbohydrate,protein
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| Cow milk is _____________ in the amino acids needed for human CNS development | lower
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| ____________________ – A network of tubes and glands that assist with the survival and transport of sperm | Seminal Vessels
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| ___________________ – An external part of the urinary and reproductive systems of the male | Penis or Phallus
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| ______________ – A pouch of skin that encloses the testes | Scrotum
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| Testes start out in the same location as the ovaries during fetal development, which is near the _____________. | kidneys
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| ___________________ – A condition in which one or both testes do not pass into the scrotum | Undescended Testis or Cryptorchidism
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| It is believed that testes require ____________ temperatures of the scrotum in order to produce viable sperm. | cooler
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| Muscle contractions of the ____________ muscle then regulate the testes’ temperature by adjusting the distance of the testes to the body | cremaster
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| The testes become _____________ when placed closer to the body and _____________when moved away. | warmer,cooler
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| ___________________ – Tubes in the testes where sperm is produced | Seminiferous Tubules
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| ________________ – Cells that produce testosterone in the testis | Leydig’s Cells
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| ________________ – A tube where sperm are collected and stored after leaving the testis | Epididymis
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| _____________________ – A thin tube that transports sperm from the testis to the urethra | Vas Deferens or Ductus Deferens
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| The vas deferens is a curved tube that runs up along the bladder and past glands called the _________________ | seminal vesicles
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| _____________________– Glands that help produce semen | Seminal Vesicles
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| Seminal vesicles are paired glands located posterior to the ___________________ | urinary bladder
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| _____________ – A fluid containing sperm and seminal secretions | Semen
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| ____________________ – A duct that opens into the urethra | Ejaculatory Duct
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| ________________ – A gland in the male that surrounds the base of the urethra | Prostate Gland
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| _______________ – A pair of glands the lie beneath the prostate gland | Cowper’s or Bulbourethral Glands
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| Sperm are disabled or killed by _____________conditions. | acidic
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| The _____________ is a tube of erectile tissue that serves as a passageway for semen and urine | penis
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| ___________ – A sheath of erectile tissue in the penis that encloses the urethra | Corpus Spongiosum
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| _______________ – The swollen portion at the tip of the penis | Glans
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| _____________________ – A roll of skin that covers the glans of the penis | Prepuce or Foreskin
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| _________________ – Surgical removal of the prepuce | Circumcision
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| ______________________ – A large cylinder of erectile tissue in the penis | Corpus Cavernosum
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| ________________ – A large vein that runs along the dorsal length of the penis | Dorsal Vein
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| _________________ – Enlargement and hardening of the penis during sexual excitement | Erection
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| _______________ – The sequence of events that lead to ovulation | Ovarian Cycle
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| The female sexual cycle, or menstrual cycle, is a series of events that prepare the body for pregnancy, this cycle is sometimes divided into the _______________________ | ovarian and uterine cycles
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| Events that prepare the uterus for pregnancy make up the _______________ cycle | uterine
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| The ______________ cycle prepares one egg for pregnancy by maturing the egg and passing it out of the ovary. | ovarian
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| ______________________ – The ovarian cycle of events that take place before ovulation | Preovulation or Follicular Phase
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| In the ________________ phase, the follicle secretes estrogen that helps the oocyte mature. | preovulation
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| The ____________________ also stimulates hormone production by the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary | estrogen
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| - Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone stimulate the production of the ___________________ | corpus luteum
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| ________________________ – The ovarian cycle of events that take place after ovulation | Postovulation or Luteal Phase
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| ___________________ – The first phase of the uterine cycle phase | Proliferative Phase
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| The endometrium slowly reaches its maximum thickness ____ to ____ days after ovulation | 8, 10
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| _______________ – The shedding of the endometrium | Menses
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| During __________, the proliferated cells die and shed from the lowest layer of the endometrium | menses
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| A significant amount of iron is lost during menses, making women more susceptible to iron-deficiency disorders, such as ____________ | anemia
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| The “morning after pill” and _____________ interfere with the proliferation and maintenance of the uterine lining. | RU486
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| ___________________ – The sequence of events that prepare the uterus for pregnancy | Uterine Cycle
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| _________________ – The act of mating | Copulation or Sexual Intercourse
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| ___________________ – The inability to produce or maintain an erection | Erectile Dysfunction
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| ____________________ – The external opening of the urethra | Urethral Meatus
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| ________________ – The process of ejecting semen from the penis | Ejaculation
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| _____________ neural impulses facilitate the contractions needed for ejaculation | Autonomic
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| It is estimated that _______________ sperm are ejaculated in an average intercourse | 400 million
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| ___________________ – An intense sensation that occurs at the height of sexual excitement | Orgasm
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| _________________ – The loss of an erection | Detumescence
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| _________________ – The point at which fertilization occurs | Conception
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| The sperm can survive up to ____ hours in the female’s reproductive tract | 48
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| Many sperm are destroyed in the female reproductive tract due to ______________ conditions of the mucous | acidic
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| ______________ – A packet of enzymes in a sperm’s head | Acrosome
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| ___________________ – The process of embryo formation | Embryogenesis
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| ___________________ – Twins produced by the simultaneous fertilization of two egg cells | Fraternal Twins
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| ___________________ begins when the fertilized egg, now called a zygote, undergoes its first mitosis | Embryogenesis
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| - A zygote undergoes mitosis about every ____ hours. The typical body cell takes about ____ hours to complete mitosis | 7, 22
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| As the embryo develops, it reaches a stage called the blastula, or blastocyst, just as it enters the fundus of the uterus ___ days after fertilization | 7
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| _____________________ – A hollow sphere of cells formed by repeated mitosis of the zygote | Blastula or Blastocyst
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| _____________________ – A hollow sphere of cells formed by repeated mitosis of the zygote | Blastula or Blastocyst
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| _____________________ – A hollow sphere of cells formed by repeated mitosis of the zygote | Blastula or Blastocyst
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| ______________________ – Attachment of the embryo to the endometrial lining | Implantation
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| _________________ – An organ that nourishes the developing fetus in the uterus | Placenta
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| ________________ – The condition in which an embryo is developing within the uterus | Pregnancy
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| _______________________ – A hormone produced by the placenta | Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
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| ___________ is a protein hormone that is produced by the placenta. The hormone maintains pregnancy by triggering the release of estrogen and progesterone. | hCG
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| hCG hormone is also a useful indicator of pregnancy. It is present in the blood and urine in detectable amounts ____ days after fertilization | 10
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| ______________ – An embryonic stage in which the three basic tissue germ layers form | Gastrula
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| Identical twins usually form at the _______________ stage | gastrula
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| _________________ – Twins that develop from one fertilized egg | Identical Twins
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| ___________________ – Twins whose bodies are joined together at birth | Conjoined Twins
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| _____________ – A stage of development before birth | Fetus
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| _______________ – A fluid-filled sac that surrounds the fetus (bag of waters) | Amniotic Sac
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| _________________ – Fluid within the amniotic sac | Amniotic Fluid
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| The fetus is almost completely formed by the end of month ___ of pregnancy | 8
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| __________ – The beginning of childbirth | Labor
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| Physicians are not completely sure about the factors that bring about the onset of labor. It is most likely due to hormone interactions between the fetus and the mother’s __________________ | Pituitary Gland
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| The first stage of labor is usually the dilation of the ___________ | cervix
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| The pituitary hormone ______________ is important in maintaining the muscle contractions needed for labor | oxytocin
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| _____________ – A fluid produced by the mammary glands in late pregnancy and just after labor | Colostrum
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Created by:
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