Anatomy of Development
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| Define embryo | Developing human during early stages of development
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| Define zygote | following fertilization
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| Define morula | 12-32 blastomeres. embryo enters uterine tube
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| Define conceptus | Entire products of fertilazation, embryo and placenta
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| Define primordium | beginning of discernable organ or structure
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| Define fetus | After embryo/8 weeks
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| Define capacitation | destabilization of acrosome head following ejaculation in vagina
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| Describe fertilization | 1.sperm releases acrosin to digest zona pellucida 2. zona reaction occurs 3. fusion of PMs 4. oocyte completes meiosis II 5.formation of male pronucleus
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| What is the pronuclei? | 2 haploid nuclei within fertilized egg before they fuse together.
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| What is Dispermy? | two sperms paricipate in fertilization = triploidy
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| What happens to triploid embryos? | appear normal but abort spontaneously. triploid infants that are born die soon.
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| Define syngamy | Chromosomes of parents mix
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| What are the results of fertilisation | restoration of diploid, sex determination, initiation of cleavage
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| Define blastomere | dividing cells which becomes smaller following fertilization
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| Define compaction: | following 8-cell stage the blastomeres aligns against e/o
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| Describe the parts of a morula | embryoblast-inner cell mass, tropoblast-outer cell mass.
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| What gives rise to the placent? | trophoblast
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| Define blastocyst | zona pellucida degenerates and blastocyst cavity forms filled with uterine fluid
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| Describe the layers of a trophoblast following implantation | Cytotrophoblast-inner layer of cells, syncytiotrophoblast-outer layer extending through endometrial epithelium
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| What hormone forms the basis for a pregnancy test? | human chorionic gonadotropin released by syncytiotrophoblast
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| What happens to the embryoblast following implantation? | forms embyonic disk with two layers-epiblast and hypoblast
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| Define decidual cells | uterine cells filled with glycogen and mucous that degrade and provide a source of nurishment for synctiotrophoblast.
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| Define amniotic cavity | a small cavity that appears in the embryoblast in the epiblast
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| Where is the exocoelomic cavity and membrane found and what does this part become? | inside hypoblast, membrane=hypoblast. Becomes the primary umbilical vesicle/yolk sac.
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| Define the extraembryonic coelom | Surrounds amnion and umbilical vesicle except where attached to chorion
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| What is derived from the extraembryonic coelom? | chorionic cavity
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| Define connecting stalk | where extraembryonic mesoderm traverses through the chorionic cavity to develop into umbilical cord.
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| Define secondary yolk sac | primitive yolk sac formed when cells from the hypoblast migrate inside exocoelomic membrane.
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| Define ectopic pregnancy | blastocyst implants in the uterine tube
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| What constitutes the 'morning after pill' | high doses of estrogen to prevent implantation
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| Describe gastrulation | bilaminar disk becomes trilaminar disk. The epiblast and hypoblast give rise to ecto, endo and meso-derm
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| What are the steps of gastrulation | 1.primitive streak formation 2.epiblast cells migrate to primitive streak 3. epiblast cells invaginate spreading between epiblast and hypoblast 4. endo, meso and ecto-derm form from epiblast, hypoblast dissolves
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| Describe the notochord formation | invagination of epiblast cells to form primitive pit, intercalate with hypoblast and proliferate and detach to form notochord
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| What are the 3 divisions of the mesoderm? | lateral, intermediate, paraxial
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| What does the lateral mesoderm give rise to? | visceral and parietal layer
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| What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to? | urogenital system
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| What does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to? | somites-sclerotome, myotome, dermatome
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| What are the two types of folding the embyro undergoes? | lateral-disc, cephalocaudal - head and tail
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