Thoracic Cage
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| Thoracic Cage or Bony Thorax | includes sternum, ribs, and costal cartilages
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| Sternum | flat bone to which 10 of 12 pairs of ribs attach via costal cartilages; parts are manubrium, body, and xiphoid process
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| Manubrium | superior portion of sternum; medial end of clavicles articulate with it, has suprasternal/jugular notch
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| Body | middle and largest portion of sternum
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| Xiphoid process | inferior tip portion of sternum; usually blue on models b/c made of hyaline cartilage
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| Ribs | 12 pairs; all articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae
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| First 7 pairs of ribs | true ribs which attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages
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| Last 5 pairs of ribs (pairs 8-12) | false ribs
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| Rib pairs 8-10 | false ribs whose costal cartilages do not exten all the way to the sternum, but join the cartilages associated with more superior ribs; have only indirect attachment to the sternum
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| Rib pairs 11-12 | false ribs that are more specifically designated as “floating” ribs b/c have no costal cartilages and no attachment to sternum
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| Intercostal spaces | space between ribs and costal cartilages that are filled with breathing-related skeletal muscles named external intercostals (asstd. w/ inhalation/inspiration) and internal intercostals (asstd. w/exhalation/expiration)
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