Introduction into the nervous system
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| show | Structure: CNS (brain and spinal cord) and PNS (cranial and spinal nerves);
Functional: Somatic nervous (embryonic somites and branchial arches) and visceral nervous (both have motor and sensory); Motor (efferent) and sensory (afferent)
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| show | Cell body, dendrites, and axon (aka fibers); communicate via synapses using neurotransmitters
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| show | Composed of 2 rootlets (dorsal sensory root and a ventral motor root). Dorsal ganglia located in the interveterbral foramen and is pseudounipolar. Ventral root carriers motor, ganglia is in ventral horn, and is multipolar. Splits: dorsal and ventral rami
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| What are the upper and lower boundaries of the spinal cord | show 🗑
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| show | The area of the skin supplied by the dorsal (sensory) root of the spinal nerve
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| Define a spinal cord segment | show 🗑
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| show | A network of nerve fibers: formed by the ventral ramus (always) of certain spinal nerves. E.g. cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus.
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| Define an autonomic nerve plexus | show 🗑
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| Describe the anatomical reason making the lumbar puncture (spinal tap) possible | show 🗑
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| How many spinal nerves are there? | show 🗑
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| show | 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal
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| show | C1 exits between occipital bone and atlas; C2-C7 exit immediately above corresponding vertebrae; C8 exits between C7 and T1; all others exit below their respective vertebrae
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| Explain why the spinal cord stops at L1/L2 | show 🗑
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| show | The dorsal and ventral roots of the lower lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves that need to descend within the vertebral canal to reach their intervertebral foramina (since their intervetebral disks exit superior to L1/L2)
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| show | Cervical: C5 to T1 (for brachial plexus); Lumbar: L1 to S3 for the (lumbosacral plexus)
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| show | It is the where the spinal cord ends; located below lumbar enlargement (Near L1 and L2 vertebrae); NOT the same as the termination of the dural sac (near S3)
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| What are the meninges? | show 🗑
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| show | It is the outermost tough fibrous layer of the meninges
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| What space separates the spinal dura from the vertebrae? | show 🗑
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| What is the dural sac? What meningeal layer is it composed of? | show 🗑
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| show | S2 (where it is attached)
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| What is the arachnoid mater? | show 🗑
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| show | Delicate strands of connective tissue that span the subarachnoid space connecting the arachnoid and pia mater
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| show | It is the innermost layer of the meninges; it is closely adherent to the neural tissue
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| show | The denticulate ligament (looks like sawtooth)
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| What is the filum terminale internum? What is the filum terminale externum (aka...?) | show 🗑
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| show | Below the arachnoid mater in the space that encloses the spinal cord and the spinal nerve roots.
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| Where is the lumbar cistern? | show 🗑
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