MEDSCI 142
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| The nervous system *two types* | *PNS= Peripheral nervous system
*CNS=Central nervous system
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| PNS | *Peripheral Nervous system -cranial & spinal nerves -ganglia
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| CNS | *Central Nervous System -Brain -Spinal cord
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| Sensory | -Afferent neurons -in
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| Motor | -Efferent Neurons -out (1)Somatic (2)Autonomic
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| Somatic | -motor -voluntary -skeletal muscle
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| Autonomic | -motor -involuntary -para/sympathetic -cardiac muscle -smooth muscle -glands
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| Alarm responce (immediate action) | INCREASED: HR,BP,Bsugar,water retention, sweating.
DECREASED: digestion, salivation DILATION:pupils, bronchi.
*vasoconstriction
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| Relaxation (maintenance) | -INCREASED: digestion, salivation
-DECREASED: HR -CONSTRICTION: pupils, bronchi
-vaso dilation
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| Relaxation (maintenance) | -INCREASED: digestion, salivation
-DECREASED: HR -CONSTRICTION: pupils, bronchi
-vaso dilation
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| Stress response | -sympathetic activation
-mobilise resources for action
-glucose & O2 consumption
-reduce tissue damage
-ward off danger OR flee
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| 2 STAGES of stress response | (1)alarm (2)resistance
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| (1)alarm | -immediate -sym activation -adrenal medulla sustains>epinephrine>norepinephrine
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| (2)resistance | -slower, longer lasting -hypothal,pit.,andrenal cortex -cortisol production
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| ANS | -autonomic nervous system -involuntary -limbic,hypothal.,s.cord -2 neuron pathways
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| ANS pathways | spinalcord--(pre-ganglionic myelinated neuron)-->autonomic ganglion--(postganglionic non-myelinated ganglion)-->Effectors
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| Effectors | ACh=for parasymp to sweat glands
Norepinephrine=all other symp fibres
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| Raynaud's | -excessive symp stim
-emotional stress
-exposure to cold
-chronic vasoconstriction
-ischemia(lack of blood in hands and feet)
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| Hormone types | -circulating
-local
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| Circulating hormones | -to receptors -via blood -on distant target cells
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| Local hormones (2TYPES) | -PARACRINE: receptors on nearby target cells
-AUTOCRINE: same cell
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| Effectors | ACh=for parasymp to sweat glands
Norepinephrine=all other symp fibres
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| Raynaud's | -excessive symp stim
-emotional stress
-exposure to cold
-chronic vasoconstriction
-ischemia(lack of blood in hands and feet)
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| Hormone types | -circulating
-local
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| Circulating hormones | -to receptors -via blood -on distant target cells
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| Local hormones (2TYPES) | -PARACRINE: receptors on nearby target cells
-AUTOCRINE: same cell
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| Cholera: toxin | -permanently activates Gprotein
-high cAMP
-pumps Cl- into intestines with water
chronic diarrhoea
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| Lipid soluble Hormones | -needs solution transporter
-diffuse into cell
-activates receptors on nucleus
-alters gene expression
-new proteins alter cell activity
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| Water soluble Hormones | -no carrier
-binds to receptors on cell surface
-activate Gprotein>adenyl cyclase
-ATP converted to cAMP
-acivates kinases
-P enzymes
-catalyse reactions producing physiological responses
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| Hypothalamus-pituitary axis | -hypo=8hormones releasing & inhibiting control pituitary
-together regualte growth development, metabolism ,homeostasis
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| Enhancing alarms response | -releasing norepinephrine & epinephrine into blood stream
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| Adrenal gland MEDULLA | -STIMULATED:Ach from preganglionic nuerons
-RELEASES: Norepinephrine, Epipinephrine
-ACTION: enhance symp ANS alarm responce
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| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulation 1 | -STIMULATED: increase in K+ -releases corticoids (aldosterone)
-ACTION: incr blood Na+ & water, decr. K+}incr blood vol & pressure
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| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulated 2 | -STIMULATED: Ach from pituitary
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| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulation 1 | -STIMULATED: increase in K+ -releases mineralo corticoids (aldosterone)
-ACTION: incr blood Na+ & water, decr. K+}incr blood vol & pressure
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| Adrenal gland CORTEX stimulated 2 | -STIMULATED: ACTL from pituitary
-RELEASES:glucocosorticoids (cortisol)
-ACTION: resistance to stress reaction, dampens inflammation &immun response
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| Actions of cortisol (seven) | (1)Protein breakdown (2)Gucloneogenesis (3)Lipolysis (4)Stress resistance (4)Vasoconstriction (5)Anti-inflammatory (6)Immune depression
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| (1)protein Breakdown | -in muscle fibres -AAs-->blood -used for synthesis of proteins & ATP production
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| (2)Gluconeogenesis | -liver cells -AAs/lactic acid-->glucose -used for ATP production
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| (3)lipolysis | -breakdown of triglycerides -&fatty acids from adipose into blood
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| (4)stress resistance | -increased ATP & glucose combats stresses e.g. bleeding, trauma, infection, disease, temp extremes, fasting
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| (5)vasocontrition | -leads to rise in BP
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| (6)Anti-inflammatory | -limits WBC to tissue
-retards tissue repair & wound healing
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| (7)Immune Depression | -increased susceptibility to infection
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