Randon stuff from notes
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| show | Protection, Body temp regulation, sensation, Metabolic functions, excretion, absorption
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| How is body temp regulation accomplished by the skin? | show 🗑
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| What sense touch and pain in the skin? | show 🗑
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| show | Synthesis of Vitamin D
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| What are the three major regions of the skin? | show 🗑
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| What is the most superficial major region of the skin? | show 🗑
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| What is the middle major region of the skin? | show 🗑
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| What is the deepest major region of the skin? | show 🗑
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| What layer of the skin is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? | show 🗑
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| What type of cells will you find in the epidermis? | show 🗑
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| Epidermis-outer portion of the skin functions in ____________? | show 🗑
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| show | Keratin
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| show | Melanin
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| Macrophages that activate the immune system are called what? | show 🗑
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| show | touch receptors
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| What are the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial? | show 🗑
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| The ______________ is the deepest epidermal layer | show 🗑
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| The stratum basale consists of a _____________ row of the youngest keratinocytes | show 🗑
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| In stratum basale cells undergo ___________________ division | show 🗑
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| show | stratum spinosum
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| The stratum Spinosum is the layer where ________________ are filled with keratin | show 🗑
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| show | stratum lucidum
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| Would you find stratum lucidum in thick or thin skin? | show 🗑
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| show | keratinocytes
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| What layer of the epidermis is the outermost layer of keratinized cells? | show 🗑
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| show | 3/4
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| show | Waterproofing, protects from abrasion and penetration
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| What layer of the skin contains strong, flexible connective tissue, fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and white blood cells? | show 🗑
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| What are the layers of the dermis? | show 🗑
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| What layer of the dermis is aerolar tisssue with collagen and elastic fibera | show 🗑
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| show | capillary loops
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| show | epidermal ridges (friction ridges)
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| show | fingerprints
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| show | 80%
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| show | strength
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| show | flexibility
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| Why are cleavage lines important for surgons? | show 🗑
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| What is the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin? | show 🗑
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| What types of tissue is the hypodermis composed of? | show 🗑
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| What 3 pigments contribute to skin color? | show 🗑
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| what pigment is yellow to reddish-brown to black pigment | show 🗑
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| what pigment is yellow to orange | show 🗑
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| show | hemoglobin
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| show | cyanosis
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| pale skin could indicate low blood pressure or anemia what is this called | show 🗑
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| show | jaundice
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| bronze skin is a sign of Addisons diease, a hormonal imbalace what is this called? | show 🗑
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| A _____________ on the skin shows internal bleeding | show 🗑
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| show | sweat
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| show | you can find eccrine glands all over, and they secrete water
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| show | apocrine
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| show | Ceruminous
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| show | milk
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| What are simple alveolar glands found all over the body, soften skin when simulated by hormones? | show 🗑
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| Sebaceous glands secerete an oily secretion called ___________ | show 🗑
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| show | strands of dead keratinized clles produced by hair follicles
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| show | hard
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| show | shaft
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| What are functions of the hair? | show 🗑
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| show | alopecia
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| show | DHT
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| show | genetically
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| ______________ can absorb UV rays and protect skin | show 🗑
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| Sun damage causes clumping of _____________ fibers and can cause leathery skin | show 🗑
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| What are the 3 major types of skin cancer | show 🗑
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| show | basal cell carcinoma
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| show | slow
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| Basal cell carcinoma can be surgically removed in ___% of the cases | show 🗑
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| What is the 2nd most common skin cancer? | show 🗑
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| show | spinosum
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| show | rapidly
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| Is prognosis good or bad if squamous cell carcinoma is treated by a radiation therapy or removed surgically | show 🗑
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| What is the most dangerous type of skin cancer? | show 🗑
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| show | melanoma
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| how is melanoma treated? | show 🗑
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| The cance of survivial is poor if the melanoma lesion is over ____mm thick | show 🗑
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| What is the ABCD rule for characteristicis of melanomass? | show 🗑
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| In a first degree burn the ___________ is damaged | show 🗑
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| What are the symptoms of a 1st degree burn | show 🗑
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| In second degree burns what parts of the skin are damaged | show 🗑
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| Symptoms of second degree burns mimic first degree burns, but _________ also appear | show 🗑
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| show | third
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| show | burned area appears gray-white, cherry red, or black; there is no inital edema or pain (since nerve endings are destroyed)
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| show | axial
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| show | protection
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| Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip are part of the ____________ skeleton | show 🗑
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| show | movement
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| show | longer than wide
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| How would you describe a short bone? | show 🗑
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| show | thin flattened and usually curved
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| How would you descirbe an irregular bone? | show 🗑
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| show | support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell formation
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| show | epiphyses
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| what is the shaft of a long bone called | show 🗑
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| In a long bone ____________ bone surrounds the fat filled medullary cavity | show 🗑
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| show | exterior is compact bone, interior is spongy bone, and the joint surface is covered with a thin layer of articular (hyaline) cartilage
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| show | periosteum
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| delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone | show 🗑
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| In the microscopic structure of bone the ______________ is the structural unit of compact bone | show 🗑
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| show | central channel containing blood vessels and nerves
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| show | volkmanns canals
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| show | osteocytes
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| show | lacunae
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| ______________ are hairlike canals that connect lacune to each other and the central canal | show 🗑
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| ____________ are bone building cells | show 🗑
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| show | osteocytes
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| ___________ cut and dissolve (break down) bone | show 🗑
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| ___________ are unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoprteins, and collagen | show 🗑
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| show | flexibility
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| Mineral salts, maainly calcuim phosphate makes up 65% of bone by mass, what is it responsibile for in bones? | show 🗑
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| show | bone formation
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| show | osteogenesis and ossification
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| show | 8
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| show | intramembranous
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| ____________ bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage | show 🗑
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| What are the stages of intramembranous ossification | show 🗑
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| Intramembranous ossification bones form from the ___________ out, and make __________ bones | show 🗑
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| show | endochondral ossification
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| show | endochondral and makes bones from the outside in
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| What are the stages of endochondral ossification? | show 🗑
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| What are the functional zones in long bone growth? | show 🗑
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| show | divide
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| show | enlarge
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| show | calcified
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| in the osteogenic zone of long bone there is new bone ___________ | show 🗑
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| for long bones to grow in length ____________ continually grows and is replaced by bone | show 🗑
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| __________ is where bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth | show 🗑
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| show | widen
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| in interstititial growth bones __________ | show 🗑
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| show | growth hormone
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| during puberty testosterone and estroges cause ______________, ___________, and ____________ | show 🗑
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| the ___________ and _______________- deposit and resorb bone | show 🗑
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| Bone deposition occurs where bone is injured or added ____________ is needed | show 🗑
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| Osteoclasts form ____________ bays | show 🗑
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| show | digest organic matrix, and convert calcium salts
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| show | transcytosed
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| What are the two control loops that regulate bone remodeling | show 🗑
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| What two hormones are involved in controling calcium levels in bone? | show 🗑
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| show | calcitonin which stimulates osteoblasts
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| falling blood calcium levels signal the parathyroid glands to release ______, which signal ______________to degrade bone | show 🗑
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| ____________ says a bone grows or remodels in response to the stress or demands placed upon it | show 🗑
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| show | midway along the shaft
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| Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to | show 🗑
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| trabeculae form along lines of | show 🗑
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| show | big
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| What are the stages of healing a bone fracture | show 🗑
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| During _______________ torn blood vessels hemorrhage and the site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed | show 🗑
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| when ___________ forms granulation tissue (soft callus) forms, capillaries grow into the tissue and cells begin cleaning debris | show 🗑
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| durning ____________ formation new bone trabeculae appear in the fibrocartiaginous callus, the fibrocartilaginous callus converts into a bony (hard) callus of spongy bone, beings 3-4 weeks after injury and continues until firm union is formed 2-3 months | show 🗑
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| show | bone remodeling
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| what homeostatic imbalace causes bone of children to be inadequately mineralized causing softened, weakened bones which causes bowed legs, deformities of the pelvis, skull, and rib cage | show 🗑
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| What causes rickets | show 🗑
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| ______________ is when bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit occurs most often in postmenopausal women | show 🗑
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| Spongy bone of the ____________ is most vulnerable when you have osteoporosis | show 🗑
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| When you have osteoporosis bones become so fragile that ________________ or stepping off a curb can cause fractures | show 🗑
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| show | calcium and vitamin D supplments, increased weight bearing exercise, natural progesterone cream, statins increase bone mineral desity, hormone replacement therapy slows bone loss
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| show | The position of the bone ends after fracture, and the orientation of the break to the long axis
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| They type of fracture where bone ends retain their normal position | show 🗑
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| The type of fracture where bone ends are out of alignment | show 🗑
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| bone is broken all the way through | show 🗑
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| bone is broken but not all the way through | show 🗑
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| the fracture is to the long axis of the bone | show 🗑
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| show | transverse
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| show | Compound (open)
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| show | simple(closed)
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| bone fragments into 3 or more pieces | show 🗑
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| ragged break when bone is excessively twisted | show 🗑
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| broken bone portion pressed inward | show 🗑
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| show | comminuted
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| show | spiral
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| show | depressed
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| bone is crushed, common in porous bones | show 🗑
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| show | epiphyseal
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| show | greenstick
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| What is the weakest part of the skeleton | show 🗑
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| What is an articulation | show 🗑
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| What are the functions of joints | show 🗑
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| show | fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
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| What are fibrous joints made of | show 🗑
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| what are cartilaginous joints made of | show 🗑
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| show | synathroses, amphiathroses, and diarthroses
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| show | synarthroses
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| show | amphiarthroses
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| show | diarthroses
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| in fibrous structural joints bones are joined by _________ tissues | show 🗑
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| show | sutures
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| show | fibrous
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| _____________ is a fibrous tooth joint | show 🗑
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| show | cartilage
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| cartilaginous joints are designed for strength and ____________ | show 🗑
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| synovial joints are where bones are separated by a fluid filled ____________ | show 🗑
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| What do all synovial joints have | show 🗑
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| show | Bursae
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| show | where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together
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| _______________ are elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon | show 🗑
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| show | contract
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| show | hinge
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| show | single
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| hinge joints allow ________ and extension only | show 🗑
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| the elbow is a _______ joint that allows flexion and extension only | show 🗑
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| _______ joins allow only slipping or gliding movements and where articular surfaces are essentally flat | show 🗑
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| show | pivot
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| In pivot joints only __________ movement is allowed | show 🗑
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| show | condyloid or elliposoidal
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| show | oval
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| Condyloid or elliposoidal joints are ___________ which permit all angular motions | show 🗑
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| ___________joints are similar to condyloid joints but allow for greater movement | show 🗑
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| in __________ joints each articular surface has both a concave and convex surface | show 🗑
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| show | ball and socket
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| Ball and socket joints are ___________ joints that permit movement in all directions | show 🗑
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| ball and socket joints are the most ________ moving joints | show 🗑
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| what part of the body has the most freely moving joint in the body that is also the weakest | show 🗑
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| show | knee
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| The knee joint is ________ joints in one surrounded by a single joint cavity | show 🗑
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| the synovial joint in the knee allows _________, ______, and some ______ | show 🗑
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| in a sprain the ____________ reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn | show 🗑
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| show | slowly repair
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| show | prompt surgical repair
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| __________ occur when bones are forced out of alignment | show 🗑
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| dislocations are usually accompanied by _____, __________, and joint immobilization | show 🗑
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| ___________ are caused by serious falls and are a common sports injury | show 🗑
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| __________ is an inflammation of a bursa, usually casued by a blow or friction | show 🗑
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| what are the symptoms of bursitis | show 🗑
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| show | anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive fluid may be aspirated
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| show | tendonitis
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| what is the most widspread crippling disease in the US, and has more than 100 different types | show 🗑
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| what are symptoms of arthritis | show 🗑
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| show | bacterial invasion treated with antibiotics
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| osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthrits are ________ forms of arthritis | show 🗑
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| __________ is the most common chronic arthritis and is often called "wear and tear" arthritis | show 🗑
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| osteoarthritis is probably related to the __________ process | show 🗑
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| show | women
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| show | cartilage
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| show | spine, fingers, knuckles, knees, and hips
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| show | slow
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| What are treatments of OA | show 🗑
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| show | Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
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| show | joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atrophy, and cardiovascular problems
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| What is the treatment of RA | show 🗑
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