Upper Extremity Musculature
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| Latissimus Dorsi- Medial Attachment | Thoracolumbar fascia (spinuous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebre and all lumbar vertebre, iliac crest) and inferior 3 or 4 ribs
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| Latissimus Dorsi- Lateral Attachment | floor of interurbicular (bicipital) groove
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| Latissimus Dorsi- function | adduction or extension of the Arm at the Shoulder. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
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| Teres Major (Syn. w/ Latissimus)- Medial Attachment | posterior surface on inferior angle of the scapula
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| Teres Major (Syn. w/ Latissimus)- Lateral Attachment | medial ridge of interturbicular (bicipital) groove
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| Teres Major (Syn. w/ Latissimus)- Function | same as latissimus dorsi- adduction or extension of the Arm at the Shoulder. Internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
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| Supraspinatus- Medial attachment | supraspinuous fossa of scapula
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| Supraspinatus- lateral attachment | superior facet on the greater tubercle of humerus
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| Supraspinatus- function | abduction of the arm at the shoulder. Only effective during the first 80 degrees (approx.) of adduction
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| Infraspinatus- Medial Attachment | infraspinuous fossa of the scapula
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| Infraspinatus- Lateral Attachment | middle facet on greater tubercle of humerus
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| Infraspinatus- Function | External rotation of the arm at the shoulder
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| Teres Minor- Medial Attachment | lateral border of scapula
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| Teres Minor- Lateral Attachment | interior facet on greater tubercle of humerus
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| Teres Minor- Function | External rotation of the arm at the shoulder
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| Subscapularis- Medial Attachment | subscapular fossa of scapula
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| Subscapularis- Lateral Attachment | lesser tubercle of humerus
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| Subscapularis- function | internal rotation of the arm at the shoulder
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| Deltoid- Proximal Attachment | distal end of the clavicle, acromion process of scapula, spine of scapula
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| Deltoid- Distal Attachment | Deltoid tuberosity of humerus
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| Deltoid- Function | Flexion and internal rotation (anterior head, abduction (middle head), extension and hyperextension and external rotation (posterior head) of the arm at the shoulder
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| Pectoralis Major- Medial Attachment | proximal half of clavical, lateral side of manubrium and sternum, medial aspect of inferior border of ribcage
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| Pectoralis Major- Lateral Attachment | Lateral ridge of (bicipital) interturbicular groove of humerus
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| Subclavius- Medial Attachment | costochondrial joint of first rib
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| Subclavius- Lateral Attachment | inferior surface of distal end of clavical
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| Biceps Brachii- Proximal Attachment | long head- supraclenoid tubercle of scapula, short head- corocoid process of scapula
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| Biceps Brachii- Distal Attachment | both heads joins distally and attach to radial tuberosity; non-functional attachment to brachioradialis
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| Biceps Brachii- function | Flexion of the arm at the shoulder, flexion of the forearm at the elbow only when the wrist is supinated
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| Coracobrachialis- Proximal attachment | corocoid process of the scapula
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| Coracobrachialis- Distal attachment | medial side, approx. 1/3 of the way down humerus
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| Coracobrachialis- Function | flexion and horizontal adduction of the arm at the shoulder
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| Brachialis- Proximal attachment | anterior side of the body of the humerus
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| Brachialis- Distal attachment | ulnar tuberosity
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| Brachialis- Function | Flexion of the forearm at the elbow in all wrist positions
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| Triceps brachii- Proximal Attachment | (Long head)infraglenoid tubercle of scapula (Lateral head) posterior side, body of the humerus (Medial Head) Posterior side, body of humerus
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| Triceps brachii- Distal attachment | all heads join and attach to olecranon process of ulna
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| Triceps brachii- Function | Extension and hyperextension of the arm at the shoulder (long head only), extension of the forearm at the elbow (long, lateral and medial heads)
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| Acroneus- Proximal attachment | lateral epicondyle of humerus
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| Acroneus- Distal attachment | lateral side, proximal end of ulna
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| Acroneus- Function | Extension of the forearm at the elbow
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| Brachioradialis- Proximal attachment | proximal to lateral epicondyle of humerus
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| Brachioradialis- Distal attachment | Lateral side, distal end of radius
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| Brachioradialis- Function | Flexion of the forearm at the elbow in all wrist positions although this muscle favors a semiprone or neutral wrist position (Palms facing one another)
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| Pronator Teres- Proximal attachment | medial epicondyle of humerus
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| Pronator Teres- Distal attachment | lateral side, approx. 1/3 of the way down radius
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| Pronator Teres- Function | Pronation and flexion of the forearm at the elbow
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| Flexor carpi radialis- Proximal attachment | medial epicondyle of humerus
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| Flexor carpi radialis- Distal attachment | base of 2nd metacarpal (1 goes to thumb and 5 is to pinky)
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| Flexor carpi radialis- Function | Flexion of the forearm at the elbow, flexion of the hand at the wrist, radial deviation of the hand at the wrist
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| Palmaris Longus- Proximal attachment | medial epicondyle of humerus
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| Palmaris Longus- Distal attachment | flexor retinaculum
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| Palmaris Longus- function | tightens the flexor retinaculum and subsequently the palmar aponeurosis
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| Flexor digitorum superficialis- Proximal attachment | medial epicondyle of humerus
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| Flexor digitorum superficialis- Distal attachment | middle phalanges of digits 2-3 (not tips)
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| Flexor digitorum superficialis- Function | Flexion of the forearm at the elbow, flexion of the hand at the wrist, flexion of the digits (from the middle phalanges)
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| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris- Proximal attachment | medial epicondyle of humerus
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| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris- Distal attachment | base of 5th metacarpal
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| Flexor Carpi Ulnaris- function | flexion of the forearm at the elbow, flexion of the hand at the wrist, ulnar deviation of the hand at the wrist
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| Flexor Dicitorum profundus- proximal attachment | anterior side, body of radius and ulna
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| Flexor Dicitorum profundus- Distal attachment | distal phalanges of digits 2-5
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| Flexor Dicitorum profundus- Function | flexion of the hand at the wrist and flexion of the digits (from the distal phalanges)
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| Flexor Pollicus Longus- Proximal attachment | lateral side, body of ulna
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| Flexor Pollicus Longus- Distal attachment | Distal phallange of pollux
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| Flexor Pollicus Longus- function | Fexion of the hand at the wrist, flexion of the thumb
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| Pronator Quadratus- Medial attachment | distal end of ulna
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| Pronator Quadratus- Lateral attachment | distal end of the radius
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| Pronator Quadratus- function | pronation
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| extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus- Proximal attachment | lateral epicondyle of humerus
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| extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus- distal attachment | (longus) base of 2nd metacarpal (dorsal side) (brevis) base of 3rd metacarpal (dorsal side)
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| extensor carpi radialis brevis and longus- function | extension of the froearm at the elbow, extension of the hand at the wrist, radial deviation of the hand
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| Extensor digitorum- proximal attachment | lateral epicondyle of humerus
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| Extensor digitorum- distal attachment | distal phalange of 2nd-5th digits
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| Extensor digitorum- Function | extension of the forearm at the elbow, extension of the hand at the wrist, extension of the digits
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| Extensor digiti minini- Proximal attachment | lateral epicondyle of humerus
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| Extensor digiti minini- distal attachment | distal phalange of the 5th digit
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| Extensor digiti minini- function | extension of the 5th digit, pinky finger
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| Extensor carpi ulnaris- Proximal attachment | lateral epicondyle of humerus
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| Extensor carpi ulnaris- Distal attachment | base of 5th metacarpal (dorsal side)
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| Extensor carpi ulnaris- function | extension of the forearm at the elbow, extension of the hand at the wrist, ULNAR DEVIATION of the hand at the wrist
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| Extensor indicis- proximal attachment | body of the ulna
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| Extensor indicis- distal attachment | distal phalange of 2nd digit
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| Extensor indicis- function | Extension of the wrist, extension of 2nd digit
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| Abductor pollicus longus- Proximal attachment | doral side, body of the radius
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| Abductor pollicus longus- distal attachment | base of 1st metacarpal
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| Abductor pollicus longus- function | radial deviation of the hand at the wrist, abduction of the thumb
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| Extensor pollicus brevis- proximal attachment | dorsal side, body of radius
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| Extensor pollicus brevis- distal attachment | base of proximal phalange of pollux
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| Extensor pollicus brevis- function | Radial deviation of the hand at the wrist, extension of the thumb
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| Extensor Pollicus Longus- Proximal attachment | medial side, body of the radius
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| Extensor Pollicus Longus- distal attachment | base of distal phalange of pollux
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| Extensor Pollicus Longus- function | radial deviation of the hand at the wrist, extension of the thumb
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| Supinator- proximal attachment | lateral epicondyle of humerus
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| Supinator- Distal attachment | medial side, approx. 1/3 of the way down radius
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| Supinator- function | supinates
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