Ankle and Foot
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| What bone forms the heel and supports the talus above? | show 🗑
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| show | Calcaneal tendon
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| show | Calcaneal tuberostiy
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| What is the medial ridge of bone that helps to support the head of the talus and is grooved by the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus? | show 🗑
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| What is a gap between the anterior surfaces of the talus and calcaneus that is filled with the interosseous talocalcaneal ligament in life? | show 🗑
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| show | Talus
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| What flanks the groove for the tendon of the flexor hallucis longus muscle? | show 🗑
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| How many sites are there on the inferior surface of the talus for articulation with the calcaneus? | show 🗑
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| show | Hindfoot
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| What part of the foot includes the navicular, cuboid and three cuneiform bones? | show 🗑
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| show | Forefooot
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| What part of the foot includes the sole of the foot? | show 🗑
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| What is the dorsal surface of the foot? | show 🗑
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| What is the part of the sole inferior to the calcaneus? | show 🗑
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| show | Ball of foot
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| What is the hallux? | show 🗑
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| show | Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis
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| show | Stabilize the superior articular surface forming the ankle joint
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| What connects the medial surface of the distal fibula and the lateral surface of the distal tibia in the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis? | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior, posterior, and transverse tibiofibular ligaments
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| What ligament is most often damaged in a "high ankle sprain"? | show 🗑
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| show | Hinge-type synovial joint
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| show | Distal end of tibia and fibula
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| What are the inferior articulations of the ankle joint? | show 🗑
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| show | Box-like mortise
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| What form the sides of the box-like mortise of the ankle joint? | show 🗑
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| What fits into the box of the ankle joint? | show 🗑
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| What are the two main movements allowed at the ankle joint? | show 🗑
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| What two ligaments stabilize the ankle joint significantly? Which one is stronger? | show 🗑
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| show | Deltoid ligament due to triangular shape with apex of triangle being at attachment sites on medial malleolus
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| show | Talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones via anterior and posterior tibiotalar ligaments, tibiocalcaneal ligament, and the tibionavicular ligament
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| What are the ligaments that make up the lateral ligament of the ankle? | show 🗑
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| What are ankle sprains most commonly due to? | show 🗑
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| show | Anterior TaloFibular ligament
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| show | Subtalar joint
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| What stabilizes the subtalar joint? | show 🗑
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| show | Talocalcaneonavicular joint
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| Why is the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament called the spring ligament? | show 🗑
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| What extends from the sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus to the inferior surface of the navicular bone? | show 🗑
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| show | Talonavicular ligament, interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, and the medial part of the bifurcate ligament
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| What is a synovial joint formed between the anterior surface of the calcaneus and the posterior surface of the cuboid? | show 🗑
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| show | No
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| show | Bifurcate ligament
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| Much of the body's weight is transmitted through the calcaneocuboid joint. What stabilizes the calcaneocuboid joint inferiorly? | show 🗑
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| What attaches to the plantar surfaces of the calcaneus and the cuboid bone with addtional expansions to the bases of metatarsal bones? | show 🗑
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| What lies deep to the long plantar ligament and attaches to the inferior surfaces of the anterior calcaneous and the cuboid bone? | show 🗑
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| show | Transverse tarsal joint
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| What movements occur at the transverse tarsal joint along with the subtalar joint? | show 🗑
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| show | Deep transverse metatarsal ligament
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| What is the highest and most important arch? | show 🗑
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| show | Calcaneus, talus, navicular bone, the 3 cuneiform bones, and medial 3 metatarsal bones
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| What arch is much flatter than the medial arch? What are the components of this arch? | show 🗑
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| What occurs at the junction of the midfoot and forefoot? | show 🗑
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| show | Bases of metatarsal bones, the cuboid, and 3 cuneiform bones
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| show | Shape of bones
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| What are the most important structures in maintaining the arches while allowing some degree of movement? | show 🗑
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| show | Spring ligament, long plantar ligament, and short plantar ligament
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| During locomotion, many of the leg and intrinsic foot muscles help to support the arches of the foot. What tendons, in particular, are responsible for arch stabilization? | show 🗑
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| show | Pes plantus - can be flexible or rigid; can be either congenital or acquired
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| What occurs when the medial longitudinal arch is more highly arched than normal? | show 🗑
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| show | Extensor digitorum brevis
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| What are the attachments of extensor digitorum brevis? | show 🗑
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| show | Extending phalanges of digits 2, 3, and 4
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| show | Sometimes considered medial portion of extensor digitorum brevis; attaches to calcaneus proximally and to dorsal surface of base of the first phalanx distally
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| show | Assists in extending proximal phalanx of great toe
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| What provides motor innervation to the dorsal foot muscles? | show 🗑
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| What cutaneous sensation does the superficial fibular nerve provide? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral aspect of dorsal surface of the first digit and the medial aspect of second digit (web pattern between toes)
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| show | Along lateral margin of foot and lateral side of fifth digit
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| show | Dorsal branches from proper plantar digital nerves (from medial and lateral plantar nerves)
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| show | Along medial side of foot as far anteriorly as head of first metatarsal bone
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| Describe dermatomes of foot. | show 🗑
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| Where can the superficial fibular nerve become entrapped? | show 🗑
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| show | As it passes deep to inferior extensor retinaculum (anterior tarsal syndrome)
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| What can happen as a result of entrapment of the deep fibular nerve? | show 🗑
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| How will someone present with entrapment of either the superficial fibular nerve or the deep fibular nerve? | show 🗑
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| show | As continuation of anterior tibial artery at level of the ankle joint, midway between the medial and lateral malleoli
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| show | Passes deep to inferior extensor retinaculum and courses distally against the dorsum of bones towards the interspace between first and second toes
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| show | Arises from dorsalis pedis and courses laterally, deep to extensor digitorum brevis (supplies this muscle) and anastomoses with this artery)
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| show | Arises from dorsalis pedis at level of the bases of the metatarsal bones
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| show | Courses laterally, deep to extensor tendons and gives rise to 3 dorsal metatarsal arteries before anastomosing with lateral tarsal artery
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| show | Gives off perforating branches to the sole of the foot before passing to celft of toes and dividing into two dorsal digital arteries to supply sides of toes on either side of the cleft
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| show | First dorsal metatarsal artery
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| show | Deep plantar artery
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| show | Courses between the two heads of first dorsal interosseous muscle to enter sole of foot where it anastomoses with lateral plantar artery to complete plantar arterial arch
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| Describe the deep fascia of the foot. | show 🗑
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| Where does the plantar aponeurosis attach posteriorly? | show 🗑
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| What interconnect the digital slips near the heads of the metatarsal bones? | show 🗑
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| show | Abductor hallucis and flexor hallucis brevis and tendon of flexor hallucis longus
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| show | Abductor digiti minimi and flexor digit minimi brevis muscles
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| show | Flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, adductor hallucis, and 4 lumbrical muscles, tendons of flexor digitorum longus muscle
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| From medial to lateral edges of the plantar aponeurosis arise intermuscular septa that pass dorsally and helps to subdivide the foot into various compartments. What is lcoated in interosseous compartment? | show 🗑
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| What type of condition is characterized by inflammation and pain near the attachment site of the plantar fascia to the medial process of the calcaneal tuberosity? | show 🗑
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| What 3 muscles make up the first layer of the muscles in the sole of the foot? | show 🗑
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| show | Medial process of tuber calcaneus and the flexor retinaculum and inserts into medial side of the base of the proximal phalanx of the hallux
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| What are the actions of the abductor hallucis? | show 🗑
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| What are the attachments of flexor digitorum brevis? | show 🗑
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| What is the function of the flexor digitorum brevis? | show 🗑
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| show | Calcaneus and inserts into the lateral aspect of proximal phalanx of fifth digit
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| What is the function of the abductor digiti minimi? | show 🗑
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| show | Quadratus plantae and lumbricals
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| show | Arises by 2 heads from plantar surface of calcaneus; heads converge and insert into lateral margin and superficial and deep surfaces of the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus muscle
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| show | Assits in flexion of four lateral toes by straightening the line of pull of the obliquely oriented tendons of the flexor digitorum longus
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| What are the attachments of the lumbricals? | show 🗑
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| show | Extend the interphalangeal joints of toes so that toes do not fold under because of the strong action of flexor digitorum longus
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| What are the 3 muscles that make up the third layer of muscles in sole of foot? | show 🗑
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| show | Two-bellied muscle with lateral head arising from cuboid and lateral cuneiform while medial head arises from tendon of tibialis posterior
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| show | Medial portion inserts into medial sesamoid bone of hallux and medial side of base of proximal phalanx with abductor hallucis; lateral portion inserts into lateral sesamoid bone and lateral side of base of proximal phalanx with adductor hallucis
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| What is the function of the flexor hallucis brevis? | show 🗑
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| What are the proximal attachments of adductor hallucis? | show 🗑
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| Whar are the distal attachments of adductor hallucis? | show 🗑
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| show | Adducts hallux and helps to support the transverse arch of foot
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| What are the attachments of the flexor digiti minimmi brevis? | show 🗑
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| show | Flexes proximal phalanx
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| show | Plantar interossei and dorsal interossei
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| What are the attachments of the plantar interossei? | show 🗑
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| show | Adduct digit with which they are associated
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| There are 4 dorsal interossei and they are bipennate. What are the attachments of the first and second dorsal interosseous muscles? | show 🗑
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| show | 3rd dorsal interosseous muslce inserts into lateral side of proximal phalanx of the 3rd digit; 4th dorsal interosseous muscles inserts in the same position on 4th digit
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| What are the functions of the dorsal interossei? | show 🗑
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| What is the origin of the medial plantar nerve? | show 🗑
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| Describe the course of the medial plantar nerve. | show 🗑
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| What muscles does the medial plantar nerve supply motor innervation to? | show 🗑
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| What areas does the medial plantar nerve supply sensory innervation to? | show 🗑
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| What is the origin of the lateral plantar nerve? | show 🗑
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| The lateral plantar nerve runs medial to lateral plantar artery as it passes diagonally between flexor digitorum brevis and quadratus plantae muscles. After this it divides. Where does it divide? | show 🗑
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| Describe the course of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve? | show 🗑
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| Describe the course of the superficial branch of the lateral plantar nerve? | show 🗑
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| show | Quadratus plantae, abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor hallucis, all interossei muscles, and 2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbrical muscles
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| show | Lateral aspect of sole including lateral part of 4th digit and all of 5th digit
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| show | Runs anteriorly below lateral malleolus and passes along lateral side of foot and 5th digit
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| Describe the course of the medial calcaneal branches of tibial nerve. | show 🗑
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| show | From femoral nerve
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| show | Passes through adductor canal and exists at medial aspect of knee; it descends on medial aspect of leg accompnaying great saphenous vein anterior to medial malleolus
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| What does the saphenous nerve supply cutaneous innervation to? | show 🗑
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| Where does the medial plantar artery originate? | show 🗑
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| Describe the course of the medial plantar artery. | show 🗑
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| What does the medial plantar artery supply blood to? | show 🗑
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| show | Larger of the two terminal branches of the posterior tibial artery
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| Describe the location and course of the lateral plantar artery. | show 🗑
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| What lies deep to the adductor hallucis, on plantar surface of bases of the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th metatarsal bones with their corresponding interosseus muscles? | show 🗑
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| What forms the plantar arterial arch? | show 🗑
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| What are the branches of the plantar arterial arch? | show 🗑
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| show | Great saphenous vein
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| The dorsal venous arch is found on dorsum of foot and is formed by convergence of dorsal metatarsal veins which had been formed by dorsal digital veins. Where does venous blood travel from lateral side of this arch? | show 🗑
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| show | Located in sole and under heel; blood drains medially and laterally into marginal veins of foot and from there to the saphenous veins
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| show | Deep plantar venous arch
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| What veins unite deep to flexor retinaculum to form the posterior tibial veins? | show 🗑
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| show | Medial side of dorsum and sole of foot
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| Where do the medial superficial lymphatic vessels drain? What vein do they accompany on their path? | show 🗑
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| show | Lateral side of dorsum of foot and the lateral aspect of sole
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| Where do the lateral superficial lymphatic vessels drain? What vein do they accompany on their path? | show 🗑
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| Where do the deep lymphatic lymph nodes drain? | show 🗑
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