Exam-review1
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| Psychology | show 🗑
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| Pseudopsychologies | show 🗑
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| show | Description of behavior using careful observations
Explanation involves identifying the cause(s) of behavior
Prediction allows for specification of the conditions under which a behavior will occur or not
Psychological knowledge can be used to assist ch
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| There are Two forms of psychological research: | show 🗑
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| Areas of Psychology | show 🗑
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| show | An experiment involves a set of controlled conditions that aims to confirm a hypothesis
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| Hypothesis | show 🗑
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| show | Cause: Independent variable (IV)
Marijuana: Plain cigarette versus cigarette containing 5 mg of THC (the active ingredient in marijuana)
Effect: Dependent variable (DV)
Appetite: Grams of ice cream consumed in 1 hour
The experimenter manipulates the
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| Research Issues | show 🗑
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| show | refers to the systematic recording of behavior in a natural state or habitat
Jane Goodall observing apes in the wild
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| Surveys | show 🗑
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| show | is an in-depth study of a single person
Freud used the case study method to probe anxiety
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| Correlational Research | show 🗑
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| show | sections
Lesions
Case studieDiss
Electrical recording
Electrical stimulation
Split-brain surgery
CT scan
PET scan
MRI scan
fMRI scan
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| Informed consent | show 🗑
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| Deception | show 🗑
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| Confidentiality | show 🗑
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| Debriefing | show 🗑
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| Early Pioneers of Psychology | show 🗑
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| Early Pioneers in Psychology | show 🗑
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| show | Functionalism
1890’s
William James, James Dewey
Investigated “functions” or purposes of behavior
Continued to study the conscious mind
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| Modern Psychology Views | show 🗑
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| show | Behaviorism
Early 1900’s
John Watson, B.F. Skinner
Emphasize observable behaviors, overt behaviors
Measure, scientifically study these behaviors
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| show | Gestalt Psychology
Founded by Max Wertheimer
Early 1900’s
Believed in the importance of mental activities
Insisted that experience be studied as a “whole”
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| Neurons | show 🗑
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| There are Three types: | show 🗑
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| Glial cells | show 🗑
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| Neurons are composed of: | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons are not always firing.
When at rest they maintain a negative charge which is called the resting potential.
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| During resting potential: | show 🗑
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| Action Potential | show 🗑
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| When is Resting Potential restored? | show 🗑
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| show | is a fatty, waxy substance coating the axon of some neurons.
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| Myelin functions: | show 🗑
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| show | is the junction between an axon terminal and an adjacent dendrite or cell body.
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| Neurotransmitter (NT) Molecules | show 🗑
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| show | the gap between the axon of one neuron and the membrane of another, across which communication occurs
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| Receptor | show 🗑
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| Serotonin | show 🗑
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| show | affects muscle action, cognitive functioning, memory
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| Norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| Epinephrine | show 🗑
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| show | inhibitory actions in the CNS
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| Endorphins | show 🗑
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| show | affect the nervous system to alter mood, emotion, and thought
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| show | Increasing or decreasing release of neurotransmitters
Stimulating or blocking receptor sites
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| Agonists Psychoactive drugs | show 🗑
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| show | block neurotransmitter function
SSRI – selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) | show 🗑
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | show 🗑
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| Meninges (brain) | show 🗑
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| show | left or right half of the brain
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| show | band of nerve fibers that connect the 2 halves of the brain
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| show | the pinkish gray surface of the brain where most mental processes take place
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| Sulcus (brain) | show 🗑
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| show | Frontal: Self-awareness, planning, voluntary movement, emotional control, speech, working memory
Parietal: Body sensations, motor control
Occipital: Vision
Temporal: Hearing, language comprehension
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| Somatosensory Strip | show 🗑
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| show | controls fine movements and is organized by body part
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| Brainstem | show 🗑
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| Pons: | show 🗑
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| Medulla: | show 🗑
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| show | is an arousal system within the brainstem; plays a role in keeping a person awake and alert
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| Corpus callosum: | show 🗑
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| show | sensory relay area
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| Limbic system: | show 🗑
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| Hypothalamus: | show 🗑
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| Cerebellum: | show 🗑
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| show | Network of glands; Hormones are secreted into the blood by the endocrine system
Hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland (size of a pea), which is responsible for releasing hormones that flow throughout the body
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| show | 1. Maintain homeostasis
2. Regulate reproductive system
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| Testosterone (hormone) | show 🗑
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| Estrogen (hormone) | show 🗑
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| Cortisol (hormone) | show 🗑
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| Behavioral genetics | show 🗑
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| show | Twin studies: compare the concordance (agreement) rates between identical and fraternal twins
Adoption studies: compare the similarity between adopted children and their biological/adopted parents
Mutations: examine behaviors in genetically abnormal sub
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| Evolutionary psychology | show 🗑
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| show | argued that natural forces select traits that are adaptive for survival
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| Natural selection: | show 🗑
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| Sensation | show 🗑
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| Perception | show 🗑
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| How sensation occurs? | show 🗑
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| show | sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue) convert the stimulus into neural impulses which are sent to the brain
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| An example of transduction | show 🗑
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| show | Sensory adaptation refers to the fact that repeated or constant stimulation decreases the number of sensory messages sent to the brain, which causes decreased sensation
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| show | Theory proposed by Melzack & Wall (1965)
Pain sensations are processed and altered by mechanisms within the spinal cord.
Experience of pain depends partly on whether the neural messages get past a neuron in the spinal cord that can either block messages
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| show | External light falls on receptors within the eye to generate the visual message.
Light = electromagnetic energy that moves in waves
Wavelength of light determines color
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| show | tough, transparent layer
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| show | adjustable opening
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| Iris | show 🗑
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| show | transparent elastic structure
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| Retina | show 🗑
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| Optic Nerve | show 🗑
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| Fovea | show 🗑
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| show | are light-sensitive cells found within the retina.
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| show | are sensitive to light, but not color, and are active under low-light conditions
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| Cones | show 🗑
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| show | Activation of retinal cells by light results in action potentials that travel along neurons that project to the occipital cortex
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| show | Receptors within the ear are tuned to detect sound waves (changes in sound pressure level).
Sound waves vary in terms of:
Frequency: corresponds to pitch
Amplitude: corresponds to loudness
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| Sound loudness is measured in | show 🗑
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| Place theory: | show 🗑
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| Frequency Theory: | show 🗑
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| sounds: | show 🗑
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| show | hair cells on the basilar membrane of the cochlea bend and fire action potentials at the same rate as the frequency of the sound to the auditory nerve.
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| There are 2 types of deafness (hearing lost): | show 🗑
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| show | humans can smell various odors because each three-dimensional odor molecule fits into only one type of receptor.
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| show | are located on the tongue and are sensitive to five major tastes: salty, sweet, sour, bitter and umami (delicious/savory; related to meats, fish, cheese).
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| Skin Senses: | show 🗑
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| show | sense of body orientation with respect to gravity and three-dimensional space
The semicircular canals provide the brain with balance information.
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| show | sensory system for body posture, orientation and movement
Kinsethetic receptors are found throughout the muscles, joints, and tendons of the body.
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| show | Selection refers to choosing which of many stimuli that will be processed.
Organization involves collecting the information into some pattern.
Interpretation involves understanding the pattern
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| Selective attention: | show 🗑
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| show | specialized cells in the brain that respond only to certain sensory information
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| Habituation: | show 🗑
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| proposed laws of organization that specify how people perceive form. | show 🗑
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| show | is the tendency for the environment to be perceived as remaining the same even with changes in sensory input.
Size constancy
Shape constancy
Color constancy
Brightness constancy
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| show | is the ability to perceive three-dimensional space and to accurately judge distance.
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| Binocular cues | show 🗑
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| Monocular cues | show 🗑
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| Trichromatic theory | show 🗑
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| Opponent-Process theory | show 🗑
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| Interpretation | show 🗑
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| show | are stimuli presented below the threshold of awareness; the effect on behavior is uncertain.
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| show | refers to the ability to perceive stimuli that are outside the 5 senses
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| show | the ability to read minds
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| Clairvoyance: | show 🗑
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| Precognition: | show 🗑
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| Psychokinesis: | show 🗑
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