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digestive 2012
| Digestive function of liver | Produces bile (fat emulsifier) |
|---|---|
| gallbaldder | stores and concentrates bile salts |
| bile | alkaline: yellow-green fluid containing bile salts, pigments, cholesterol, phospolipids, triglycerides & phospholipids - emulsifies fats & aids in digestion |
| What in bile aids digestion? | Bile salts & phospholipids |
| Bile salts do what? | Emulsify fats & facilitate absorption |
| Enterohepatic circulation | Recycling mechanism for bile salts |
| The __ is a remnant of fetal umbilicle vein on liver. | ligamentum teres (round ligament) |
| Where does bile leave liver? | Common hepatic duct |
| Where does bile leave gallbladder? | Cystic duct |
| The common hepatic duct & cystic duct fused to form __. | the bile duct |
| Functional units of liver are? | Liver lobules - plates of hepatocytes (liver cells) |
| Kupffer cells | Hepatic macrophages that remove debris, bacteria, & old RBCs from blood |
| The hepatocytes of liver produce __ & do what? | bile - store glucose as glycogen & fat soluble vitamins & detoxify body |
| Roll of gallbladder | Stores concentrated bile from liver & releases when needed through its cystic duct. |
| The major stimulus for gallbladder contraction is __. | cholecystokinin (CCK) - intestinal hormone released when acidic, fatty chyme enters duodenum. |
| CCK stimulates? | Gallbladder to contract, pancreatic juice secretion, & relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter. |
| gallstones | Biliar calculi - obstruct flow of bile - sharp crystals due to too much cholesterol or too few bile salts. |
| 2 main groups of digestive system organs. | Alimentary canal & accessory digestive organs. |
| Organs of alimentary canal | Mouth, pharyx, esophagus, stomach, sm. intestine, & lg. intestine |
| Organs of accessory digestive organs | teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver & pancreas |
| Name the 6 essential activities of food processing by digestive system. | (1) indegestion, (2) propulsion, (3) mechanical digestion, (4) chemical digestion, (5) absorption, (6) defecation |
| Segmentation | Rhythmic local constriction of intestines - mixes food w/digestive juices & increases efficiency of absorption. |
| Smooth muscle activity inhibited by __ | VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide) or nitric oxide |
| All ventral body cavities contain __. | serous membranes |
| peritoneum | Serous membrane lining interior of abdominal cavity & covers abdominal organs. |
| mesentery | Peritoneum that extends to digestive organs from body wall & carries blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves & stores fat |
| 4 tunic layers of alimentary canal | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, & serosa. |
| Mucosa (mucous membrane) | Innermost layer, (1) secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, & hormones, (2) absorbs & protects against infectious disease. |
| Epithelium of mucosa | Simple columnar w/goblet cells - diffuse endocrine |
| Which layer is responsible for segmentation & peristalsis? | Muscularis externa |
| Serosa | Outermost layer of intraperitoneal organs - visceral peritoneum - areolar CT w/mesothelium |
| In-house nerve supply of alimentary canal. | Enteric neurons - semi-autonomous |
| Parotid glands contain only _ | serous cells |
| Lingual lipase | Fat-digesting enzyme |
| Protein digestion begins? | In the stomach when pepsin cleaves it. |
| Protein digestors of the small intestine. | Trypsin & chymotrypsin (both pancreas), carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, & dipeptidase |
| __ digestion occurs only in the small intestine. | lipid - due to lipases |
| Major absorptive role of ileum is to reclaim __. | bile salts |
| Micelles | Fatty elements clustered together with bile salts - diffuses between microvilli |
| Iron & calcium absorption occurs? | in the duodenum |
| ________ is the movement of nutrients through the GI mucosa into the internal environment. | absorption |
| What are the 3 stages of deglutition? | oral, pharyngeal, esophageal |
| The ________ stage of deglutition takes place from the oropharynx to the esophagus. | pharyngeal |
| Both the pharygeal and esophageal stages of deglutition involve __________ movement. | involuntary |
| peristalsis and segmentation are the 2 main types of motility produced by the _________ of the GI tract. | smooth muscle |
| _________ is a progressive motility that produces forward movement of matter along the GI tract. | peristalsis |
| What type of motility helps break down food particles, mixes food and digestive juices, and brings digested food in contact with intestinal mucosa to facilitate absorption? | segmentation |
| Chyme is ejected about every ______ into the ______. | 20 seconds, duodenum |
| _________, a hormone, acts to decrease peristalsis of gastric muscle slows the passage of chyme into the duodenum. | gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) |
| _______ in the duodenum stimulate the release of gastric inhibitory peptide. | fats |
| Gastric inhibitory peptide acts to decrease ________ of gastric muscle slows the passage of _____ into the duodenum. | peristalsis, chyme |
| Intestinal peristalsis is regulated in part by intrinsic _______ reflexes which are stimulated by _________ | stretch, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) |
| Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by ________ to form disaccharides. | amylases |
| Protein compounds are made up of twisted chains of ________. | amino acids |
| Pancreatic _______ is the main fat-digesting enzyme. | lipase |
| _______ increases pH for optimum amylase function. | sodium bicarbonate |
| Intrinsic factor, which is secreted by _______ cells, protects vitamin ____ and later facilitates its absorption. | parietal, B12 |
| Pancreatic juice is secreted by _______ and ______ cells of the pancreas. | acinar, duct |
| What are the 3 phases of gastric secretion? | cephalic, gastric, intestinal |
| The _________ phase of digestive secretion is known as the "psychic phase," since mental factors activate the mechanism | cephalic |
| During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, ________ fibers in branches of the vagus nerve conduct stimulating efferent impulses to the glands which stimulates the production of _______. | parasympathetic, gastrin |
| he _______ phase of gastric secretion occurs when products of protein digestion reach the _____ portion of the stomach. | gastric, pyloric |
| During the _______ phase of gastric secretion, various mechanisms seem to adjust gastric secretion as chyme passes to and through the intestinal tract. | intestinal |
| During the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, endocrine reflexes involving gastric ______, _______, and _______ inhibit gastric secretions. | inhibitory peptide, secretin, cholecystokinin-pancreozymin |
| ________ evokes production of pancreatic fluid low in _______ content but high in ________. | secretin, enzyme, sodium bicarbonate |
| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it opposes _______, thus inhibiting gastric ______ secretion. | gastrin, HCL |
| A function of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin in pancreatic secretion is that it stimulates contraction of the ________ so that ________ is ejected into the duodenum. | gallbladder, bile |
| what are the three types of Exocrine secretory cells | mucous, chief, and parietal |
| What are the three types of endocrine/paracrine secretory cells | enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL), G cells, D cells |
| mucous cells secrete what product | alkaline mucus |
| the chief cells secrete what | pepsinogen |
| the parietal cells secrete what | hydrochloric acid and Intrinsic factor |
| the ECL cells secrete what | histamine |
| the G cells secrete what | gastrin |
| the D cells secrete what | somatostatin |
| histamine will stimulate what cells to secrete | parietal cells |
| Protein products in the stomach will stimulate what cells to secrete | G cells |
| Chief cells are stimulated by what two stimuli | ACh and Gastrin |
| The function of pepsinogen by the chief cells is to | when activated, begins protein digestion |
| The function of HCL by parietal cells is to | decrease stomach pH to activate pepsinogen to pepsin, break down connective tissue and muscle fibers, denature protein exposing peptide bonds for enzymatic attack, and assist lysozyme in the killing of micro-organisms |
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