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Ch8 Muscular System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the cause of Ducheyenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy. | -caused by the gene defect, carried in the x chromosome mainly in males. |
| Define "cramp" and summarize their causes. | -a sudden, brief, usually painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles caused by inadequate blood flow, low blood levels of electrolytes, and low potassium levels |
| Describe the causes and symptoms of Fibromyalgia. | -symptoms are achy pain and stiffness in soft tissues, including muscles, tendons and ligaments causes are unknown. Generalized fibromyalgia is worsened by stress, strains, and lack of sleep. |
| Describe the source of pain in shin splints and their cause. | -pain resulting in shin and cause muscle along shin. Anterior and lateral muscles around shins. |
| Describe the symptoms of a muscle strain. | -is the term for a moderate amount of damage to muscle fibers. Limited bleeding inside muscles cause tenderness and swelling, which may be accompanied by painful spasms. Visible bruising may follow. |
| Describe the sources of pain in tendon inflammation. | -may affect the tendons itself (tendinitis) or the inner lining of fibrous sheaths that enclose some tendons (tenosynovitis). |
| Describe the causes of tendon inflammation. | Tenodonitis: may occur when strong/repeated movement creates excessive friction between tendons outer surface & adjacent bone. Tenosynovitis: may be caused by overstretching or repeated movements |
| Describe the symptoms of myasthenia gravis. | -is marked by severe muscle weakness and fatigue. Caused by antibodies that gradually reduce the number of receptors in the fibers that stimulate muscle contractions. |
| Describe the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. | Skeletal:attached to bones & moves parts of the skeleton, striated/voluntary. Cardiac:only in heart,bulk around heart, pumps blood through blood vessels, striated/involuntary. Smooth:located in walls of hollow internal structures, nonstriated/nonvoluntary |
| Describe the function of fascia. | -is applied to a sheet or broad band of fibrous connective tissue beneath the skin or around muscles and other organs of the body. Two types: superficial and deep |
| Describe the composition and function of tendon. | -a cord of dense regular connective tissue composed of parallel bundles of collagen. It's function is to attach a muscle to a bone. |
| Describe the function of sarcolemma and t-tubules. | -sarcolemma: a plasma membrane that covers each muscle fiber t-tubules: tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma, pass through the muscle fiber from side to side. |
| Describe the function and composition of a myofibril. | -a reddish pigment, stores oxygen until needed by mitochondria to generate ATP, extends along the entire length of the muscle fiber. They consist of two types of protein filaments (thin & thick) which don't extend the entire length of a muscle fiber. |
| Describe the function of actin, tropomysin, and troponin. | -actin:protein that joins to form actin filament that is twisted into helix. Each contains myosin-binding site for a myosin head. Filament has 2 other proteins: tropomysin/toponin tropomysin/toponin:cover the m-b sites on actin in relaxed muscle fibers |
| Describe the parts of a neuromuscular junction. | muscle action potential:electrical signal stimulates it to contract motor neuron:delivers signal motor unit:single motor neuron along w/ all muscle fibers motor end plate:region of sarcolemma near axon termial cleft:space between axon termial/sarcolem |
| Describe the 4 events that happen at an NMJ. | 1.Release of acetylcholine 2.Activation of ACh receptors 3.Generation of muscle action potential 4.Breakdown of ACh |
| Summarize the events that cause contractions and relaxation in a skeletal muscle fiber. | -ACh stops being released. AChE breaks down remaining ACh. Calcium ions are transported from sarcoplasm to sarcoplasmic reticulum making Ca2+ fall in the sarcoplasm. Thin filaments fall back to normal levels. |
Created by:
ToriZorich09
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