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Lymphatic & Immune
Chapter 16 Anatomy & Physiology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Specialized lymphatic vessels in the small intestines absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins. | Absorption of Fats |
| returns excess tissue/interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream. | Maintenance of fluid balance |
| lymph nodes and other lymphatic organs filter lymph to remove microorganisms and foreign particles | Immunity |
| Fluid in the lymphatic vessels | Lymph |
| Clear, Colorless Fluid similar to plasma but with a lower protein content. | Lymph |
| originates in the tissues as fluid left behind following capillary exchange | Lymph |
| Helps Maintain Blood pressure by maintaining blood volume. | Lymph |
| Carry Lymph | Lymphatic Vessels |
| Similar to veins, theses vessels have thin walls and valves to prevent backflow | Lymphatic Vessels |
| ITs walls are formed by a thin layer of epithelial cells. | Lymphatic Vessels |
| the cells forming in this vessel's walls overlap loosely, allowing gaps to exist between the cells | Lymphatic Vessels |
| Found in the interstitial spaces of most tissues usually in blood capillary beds | Lymphatic Vessels |
| unlike blood vessels, lymphatic vessels carry fluid in ______ direction. | One |
| Specialized lymph capillaries in the Villi of the small intestine. | Lecteals |
| Absorb fat soluble products | Lacteals |
| Drains lymph for the upper right quadrant of the body into the right subclavian vein | Right Lymphatic Duct |
| Drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian Vein | Left Lymphatic Duct |
| Lymph in the extremities flows Via the _________________. | Skeletal Muscle Pump |
| What valves are made of | Endothelium |
| Creates pressure during breathing to push lymph from the vessels the lungs and chest cavity | Respiratory Pump |
| Lump elsewhere is pushed towards the heart by _________________ of the other lymph vessels | Vasoconstriction |
| Located in the mediastinum | Thymus |
| Smaller then nodes. | Lymph Nodules |
| They are not unencapsulated | Lymph Nodules |
| Found beneath all mucosa. | Lymph Nodules |
| Lymphatic nodules found in the small intestines | Prayer's Parcels |
| these organs include red bone marrow, the thymus, lymph nodes, the tonsils, and the spleen. | Lymphatic organs |
| Provide a location for B and T lymphocytes to mature | Primary lymphatic organs |
| Contain lymphocytes that have matured in either the red blood marrow or the thymus. | Secondary Lymphatic Organs |
| Larger in the Fetus | Thymus |
| Smaller in Adults | Thymus |
| Divided into Lobules | Thymus |
| Connective tissue that extends into the node, dividing it into compartments | Trabeculae |
| A fibrous ______ encloses each lymph node | Capsule |
| The Compartments in a lymph node that are filled with lymphocytes. | Cortical Nodules |
| A less dense area at the center of compartments. | Germinal Centers |
| form and release lymphocytes when an infection is present | Germinal Centers |
| they lined with macrophages capable of phagocytosis separate the compartments | Sinuses |
| Channel Fluid into the node | Afferent Lymphatic Vessels |
| Slowly after filtering through the node, lymph leaves the node | Efferent Lymphatic Vessels |
| found in the neck | Cervical Lymph nodes |
| monitor lymph coming from the head and the neck | Cervical Lymph nodes |
| clustered in the armpit. | Axillary Lymph nodes |
| receive lymph from the arm and breast | Axillary Lymph nodes |
| Occur in the groin | Inguinal Lymph nodes |
| they receive lymph from the legs | Inguinal Lymph nodes |
| Masses of Lymphoid tissue. | Tonsils |
| From a protective circle at the back of the thoat | Tonsils |
| they guard against pathogens entering the body through the nose and throat | Tonsils |
| also called adeniods | Pharyngeal Tonsil |
| sits on the wall of the pharynx, just behind the nasal cavity | Pharyngeal Tonsil |
| lies in the posterior of the oral cavity | Palatine Tonsils |
| are concentrated in patches on each side of the base of the tongue | Palatine Tonsils |
| Flows Blood back to the Blood stream | Lymph Flow |
| Mainly consists of lymphocytes in the framework of connective tissue | Lymphatic Tissue |
| white blood cells migrate here and become activated | Lymphatic Tissue |
| the thymus has ________ that produce most of the T lymphocytes | Stem Cells |
| Lymphocytes proliferate in response to infection in all ___________. | Lymphatic Tissue |
| About the Size of your fist and is the largest lymphatic organ | Spleen |
| it resides in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm, where is protected by the ribs | Spleen |
| the spleen is surrounded by a fibrous ________. | Capsule |
| Contains two types tissues called red pulp and white pulp | Spleen |
| Contains compact masses of lymphocytes | White Pulp |
| surrounds the arteries leading into each compartment | White Pulp |
| exists along the edges of compartments. | Red Pulp |
| it consists of a network of erythrocyte-filled sinuses supported by a framework of reticular fibers and phagocytic cells | Red Pulp |
| Blood collects in the venous sinuses after passing through the reticular fibers; it then returns to the heart though the veins | Red Pulp |
| Lymphocytes and macrophages in the white pulp screen passing blood for foreign antigens while phagocytic cells in the sinuses ingest and destroy any microorganisms | Immunity |
| Macrophages in the sinuses digest worn out Red blood cells and imperfect platelets. | Destruction Of old Blood cells |
| The spleen sores 20% to 30% of the body's platelets | Blood Storage |
| consequently, it can help stabilize blood volume by rapidly adding blood back into general circulation | Blood Storage |
| The spleen produces red blood cells in the fetus | Hematopoiesis |
| Not a Vital organ in adults | Spleen |
| _______ is sent to the liver though the hepatic portal vein | Bilirubin |
| people without this organ are slightly more susceptible to pneumonia meningitis | Spleen |
| Mutated cells can also be recognized as foreign due to your | Immunity |
| Organ Transplants can also be recognized as foreign due to your | Immunity |
| External Barriers | First Line of defense |
| Skin is considered | First Line of defense |
| A thin layer of acid produced by skin secretions | Acid Mantle |
| Further inhibiting bacterial growth | Acid Mantle |
| the Lining the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts that produces mucus that physically traps pathogens | Mucus Membranes |
| the enzyme in mucus, tears, and saliva. | Lysozyme |
| The second line of defense is also called | Nonspecific Immunity |
| General Broad-range response | Nonspecific Immunity |
| Also known as Innate immunity | Second line of Defense |
| Cells that gulf and destroy pathogens and debris | Phagocytes |
| When a phagocyte encounters a pathogen it sends out a projection from the cell membrane called | Pseudopods |
| The pseudopods envelopes the pathogen and pinches off inside the cell and form a sac called a________ or vacuole | Phagosome |
| Roam the body and seeking out bacteria | Neutrophils |
| remain fixed within strategic areas | Macrophage |
| the chemical release from inflamed cells to summon traveling Neutrophils | Chemotaxis |
| the process when Neutrophils use enzymes to digest a portion of the basement membrane, which allows them to squeeze out of a vessel and enter the inflamed tissue. | Diapedesis |
| Macrophages evolve from __________ | Monocytes |
| they migrate into connective tissues where they grow several times larger then their original size and transform into Macrophages | Monocytes |
| It means "Large Eaters" | Macrophages |
| congregate in areas where microbial invasion is likely to occur: the alveolus of the lungs, the liver, nerve tissue, bone, and the spleen | Macrophages |
| produced by our cells when infected with a virus | Interferon |
| binds to surface receptors in neighboring cells | Interferon |
| this triggers the production on enzymes within the cells that would prevent the virus from replicating if it managed to invade | Interferon |
| circulate in the bloodstream in a inactive form, waiting to assist in the immune response. | Complement |
| Over 20 types of proteins | Complement |
| Can trigger complement _________ which destroys the bacteria or triggers phagocytosis | Fixation |
| A unique group of Lymphocytes | Natural Killer Cells |
| Continually roaming the body, seeking out pathogens diseased cells | Natural Killer Cells |
| they recognize and destroy any foreign cells including cancer cells, virus-infected cells, and bacteria | Natural Killer Cells |
| The Cells that can destroy the cells in transplants and tissues. | Natural Killer Cells |
| The secretion of chemicals that natural killer cells produce that causes the cell to die and brake apart | Lysis |
| tissue injury, whether from trauma, ischemia or infection | Inflammation |
| Stimulates the body's defense system to begin fighting the infection while instigating measures to contain the pathogen | Inflammation |
| the process that clean up and repair the damaged tissue | Inflammation |
| embed themselves into the bacterium's plasma membrane in ring-like circles, effectively punching a hole in the bacterium | Membrane Attack Complex |
| results from fluid leaking out of the capillaries | Swelling |
| Results from hyperemia | Redness and Heat |
| may result from injured nerves, pressure in the nerves from swelling, or stimulation of nerves by bacterial toxins | Pain |
| Brings materials necessary for healing including oxygen and amino acids | Hyperemia |
| Thick yellowish fluid of dead cells that pile up to seal a cut or injury | Pus |
| When pus accumulates in a tissue cavity | Abscess |
| Fever is an abnormal elevation of body temperature | Pyrexia |
| A person having a fever is said to be _______ | Febrile |
| Helps with healing by increasing temperature making the environment harder for pathogen reproduction | Fever |
| As neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize bacteria, they secrete a fever-producing substance called | Pyrogen |
| stimulates the anterior hypothalamus to secrete prostaglandin E (PGE) | Pyrogen |
| immune response that targets foreign cells or host cells that have become infected with a pathogen | Cellular Immunity |
| Also called Cell-mediated | Cellular Immunity |
| Immune response that uses antibodies to target pathogens outside of the host cells | Humoral Immunity |
| the body routinely makes its own antibodies or T cells against a pathogen | Active Immunity |
| to achieve active immunity after receiving an injection of antibodies from another person or animal | Passive Immunity |
| the type of immunity that occurs when the body antibody T cells after being exposed to a particular antigen | Natural Active Immunity |
| the results when the body makes T cells and antibodies against a disease as a result of a vaccination. | Artificial Active Immunity |
| By injecting a vaccine containing dead or weakened pathogens, the recipient's body produces an immune response without actually developing the illness | Artificial Active Immunity |
| this Form of immunity results when a fetus acquires antibodies from the mother though the placenta | Natural Passive Immunity |
| This form of immunity happens when a baby acquires antibodies from the mother though breast feeding | Natural Passive Immunity |
| this form of immunity involves obtaining serum from a person or animal that has produced antibodies against a certain pathogen and then injecting it into someone else | Artificial Passive Immunity |
| this form of immunity is typically used in emergencies for treatment of rabies and botulism | Artificial Passive Immunity |
| Commonly known as T Cells, they develop m stem cells in red bone marrow | T Lymphocytes |
| Commonly known as B Cells, also begin life as stem cells in red bone marrow | B Lymphocytes |
| T cells mature in the | Thymus |
| B cells mature in the | Bone marrow |
| Antibodies are also known as | Immunoglobulins |
| Any molecule that triggers an immune response | Antigen |
| Populates mucus membranes in the intestines, respiratory tract, and urinary tract | IgA |
| Also found in saliva, tears and breast milk | IgA |
| Exists in the blood in very small amounts | IgD |
| May activate basophils and mast cells | IgD |
| involved in allergic reactions | IgE |
| is the primary antibody of the secondary immune response | IgG |
| Active in the primary immune response | IgM |
| Also called Killer T Cells- not to be confused with natural killer cells! | Cytotoxic T Cells |
| The body manufactures how many classes of antibodies? | Five |
| Has a supportive role in destroying pathogens that exist within a cell | Helper T Cells |
| Remember the pathogen in case of future invasion | Memory T Cells |
| the phagocyte that displays fragments of antigen n its surface | Antigen-presenting cell (APC) |
| Alerts the immune system to the presence of a foreign antigen | Antigen Presentation |
| the chemical secreted by helper t cells | Interleukin |
| the most common type of hypersensitivity | Allergy |
| A condition which the immune system reacts to environmental substances | Allergens |
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Leci81
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