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UKCD ANA534 PAW
learning objective answers to the posterior abdominal wall
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of these vessels are directly associated with the abdominal autonomic plexuses? | Celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric aa. |
| From which vertebral levels does the sympathetic input to these plexuses arise? | T5 through L4. |
| What specific structures deliver the sympathetic input into these plexuses? | Thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nn. |
| By what structure(s) does the parasympathetic input to these plexuses arrive? | The vagus (for celiac and superior mesenteric plexuses) and the pelvic splanchnic nn (for the inferior mesenteric plexus.) |
| How far does parasympathetic input from the vagus extend along the G.I.T.? | To the mid transverse colon. |
| Where does parasympathetic input for pelvic organs arise? | S2 through S4. |
| How many lobes are there in each kidney? | Five lobes (segments) per kidney. |
| How many segmental branches are there from each renal artery? | Five segmental aa. (one per kidney lobe/segment). |
| Trace the pathway of blood from the renal a. through to the arcuate a. | Renal a., lobar (segmental) a., interlobar a., arcuate a. |
| Name the 3 sites where kidney stones are likely to become impaled and cause pain along the 
length of the ureter. | 1. Where pelvis narrows to ureter proper; 2. where ureter bends over common iliac into pelvis; 3. where ureter pierces the bladder wall. |
| At what point does the ureter cross into the pelvis? | At the pelvic brim (entrance into true pelvis). |
| Name a specific anatomical relationship the ureter has with the common iliac a. | At the bifurcation of the common iliac into the external and internal iliac aa. |
| Where are the suprarenal glands located? | On the superior pole of each kidney (retroperitoneal). |
| How can they be identified on the basis of shape? | The left is semilunar in shape while the right is more pyramidal. |
| Why are the suprarenal glands so richly vascularized? | They are endocrine glands. |
| What is unusual about the sympathetic innervation of these organs? | The preganglionic sympathetic fibers extend into the organ and synapse in the medulla (central core). Generally preganglionic sympathetic fibers synapse in a distant (paravertebral/prevertebral) ganglion. |
| List the muscles that comprise the posterior abdominal wall. | Quadratus lumorum, iliacus and psoas major. |
| What is the innervation of each muscle? | Psoas and quadratus lumborum = ventral rami of L1-3; iliacis = femoral n. |
| What is the function of each muscle? | Quadratus lumborum: stabilizes R12 during inspiration as well as laterally flexing the trunk; the combined iliopsoas: flexes the hip on the trunk. |
| Which two ligaments of the diaphragm are formed by thickenings of the fascia over the 
musculature of the posterior abdominal wall. | The medial and lateral arcuate ligaments. |
| Identify the muscles involved in each ligament. | Fascia over the psoas major thickens to form the medial arcuate ligament;facsia of the quadratus lumborum thickens to form the lateral arcuate ligament. |
| Which part of the 3 parts of the diaphragm arise from these ligaments? | The lumbar portions of the diaphragm. |
| What are the other two components comprising the diaphragm. | The sternal and costal portions. |
| Identify two triangles formed by muscle deficiency in the diaphragm. | The sternocostal and lumbocostal triangles. |
| Which triangle allows a structure to traverse it? | The sternocostal - the superior epigastric a. passes through it. |
| Which of the two diaphragmatic crura is longest? | The right crus. |
| To which vertebral levels does each diaphragmatic crus extend inferiorly? | The left crus extends to L1/2; the right crus extends to L3/4 |
| Which crus of the diaphragm forms a sling around the esophagus? | The right crus. |
| List the various openings in the diaphragm, their vertebral level, and what traverses them. | Caval: T8 - inferior vena cava; esophageal: T10 - esophagus & vagus nn.; aortic T12-aorta |
| Which ventral rami contribute to the lumbar plexus? | L1 through L4. |
| What nerves are formed by the lumbar plexus? | Iliohypogastic, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, femoral, obturator, lumbosacral trunk. |
| What is the function of the Iliohypogastic, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous nerves formed by the plexus? | sensory to cutneous regions named |
| What is the function of the femoral nerve formed by the plexus? | motor to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh; |
| What is the function of the obturator nerve formed by the plexus? | motor to the muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh |
| What is the function of the lumbosacral trunk nerve of the plexus? | takes innervation from lumbar plexus down into the sacral plexus. |
| Know the 9 regions of the abdomen. | Right hypochondriac: epigastric: left hypochondriac: right lateral:umbilical; left lateral: right iliac (inguinal): left iliac (inguinal) |
| What organs are in the Right hypochondriac region of the abdomen? | liver; |
| What organs are in the epigastric region of the abdomen? | stomach; |
| What organs are in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen? | spleen; |
| What organs are in the right lateral region of the abdomen? | ascending colon; |
| What organs are in the umbilical region of the abdomen? | none |
| What organs are in the left lateral region of the abdomen? | descending colon; |
| What organs are in the right iliac (inguinal) region of the abdomen? | appendix; hypogastric; |
| What organs are in the left iliac (inguinal) region of the abdomen? | sigmoid colon. |
Created by:
wiechartm
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