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Chabner Chapter 11
The Cardiovascular System (Vocabulary)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) | Unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries. |
| Angina (pectoris) | Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. |
| Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor | Antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. |
| Aorta | Largest artery in the body. |
| Arteriole | Small artery. |
| Artery | Largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body. |
| Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) | Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting electrical impulses between them. |
| Atrioventricular node (AV node) | Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. |
| Atrium (plural: atria) | One of the two chambers of the heart. |
| Auscultation | Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope. |
| Beta-blocker | Drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. |
| Biventricular pacemaker | Device enabling ventricles to beat together (in synchrony) so that more blood is pumped out of the heart. |
| Bruit | Abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ. |
| Calcium channel blocker | Drug used to treat angina and hypertension. |
| Capillary | Smallest blood vessel. |
| Carbon dioxide (CO2) | Gas (waste) released by body cells, transported via veins to the heart and then to the lungs for exhalation. |
| Cardiac arrest | Sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action; sudden cardiac death. |
| Cardiac tamponade | Pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space. |
| Claudication | Pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest. |
| Coronary arteries | Blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. |
| Deoxygenated blood | Blood that is oxygen-poor. |
| Diastole | Relaxation phase of the heartbeat. |
| Digoxin | Drug that treats arrhythmias and strenghtens the heartbeat. |
| Electrocardiogram | Record of the electricity flowing through the heart. |
| Embolus (plural: emboli) | Clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel. |
| Endocardium | Inner lining of the heart. |
| Endothelium | Innermost lining of blood vessels. |
| Infarction | Area of dead tissue. |
| Mitral valve | Valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve. |
| Murmur | Abnormal swishing sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves. |
| Myocardium | Muscular, middle layer of the heart. |
| Nitrates | Drugs used in the treatment of angina. |
| Nitroglycerin | Nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina. |
| Normal sinus rhythm | Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60-100 beats per minute. |
| Occlusion | Closure of a blood vessel due to blockage. |
| Oxygen | Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells. |
| Pacemaker (sinoatrial node) | Specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat. |
| Palpitations | Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). |
| Patent | Open. |
| Pericardial friction rub | Scraping or grafting noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis. |
| Pericardium | Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. |
| Petechiae | Small, pinpoint hemorrhages. |
| Pulmonary artery | Artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs. |
| Pulmonary circulation | Flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart. |
| Pulmonary valve | Valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery. |
| Pulmonary vein | One of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. |
| Pulse | Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries. |
| Septum (plural: septa) | Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum). |
| Sinoatrial node (SA node) | Pacemaker of the heart. |
| Sphygmomanometer | Instrument to measure blood pressure. |
| Statins | Drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream. |
| Systemic circulation | Flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues. |
| Systole | Contraction phase of the heartbeat. |
| Thrill | Vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery). |
| Tricuspid valve | Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle; it has three (tri-) leaflets, or cusps. |
| Valve | Structure in veins or in the heart that temporaily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction. |
| Vegetations | Clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves. |
| Vein | Thin-walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back to the heart. |
| Vena cava (plural: venae cavae) | Largest vein in the body. |
| Ventricle | One of two lower chambers of the heart. |
| Venule | Small vein. |
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