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Chapter 10
Nervous System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nervous System | consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. |
| CNS | Central Nervous System |
| Central Nervous System | anatomical structure contains the brain and the spinal cord. |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System |
| Peripheral Nervouse System | anatomical structure contains 12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves and all branches from them. (Everything, BUT the brain and the spinal cord) |
| Functions of the Nervous System | To detect changes and feel sensation. To initiate appropriate responses to changes. To organize information for immediate use and store. Performs both conscious and subconscious activities. |
| What are the two category of cells? | Neurons and Neuroglia. |
| The neurons | are nerve cells and it transmits impulses. |
| The neuroglia also known as | neuroglial cells or glial cells. |
| The neuroglia | supports the nervous system. There are about 50 glials cells for each neurom. |
| There are 4 types of CNS cells | Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal, and Astrocytes. |
| Oligodendrocytes | produces myelin and myelinated tisse is called white matter. |
| White matter are made of | phospolipids. |
| Microglia | move and phagocytize pathogens and damaged tissue. |
| Ependymal cells | lines the ventricles of the brain, secrete cerebrospinal fluid, and circulate CSF using cilia. |
| Astrocytes | structural support. wraps around capillaries to contribute to the blood brain barrier. |
| Blood Brain Barrier | prevents harmful substances from entering the brain while allowing nutrients. |
| Blood Brain Barrier | also makes capillaries in the CNS less permeable and some medication cannot cross it. |
| Schwann Cells | Forms the myelin sheath, neuron fiber covering, and used for electrical insulation. |
| The continuation of the cell membrane of te Schwann cells, is made mostly of | phospholipid. |
| Forms of the neurilemma | outer layer of the cell, a pathway by which a peripherial nerve can regenerate, and its only in the PNS. |
| Nodes of Ranvier also known as | neurofibril nodes. |
| Nodes of Ranvier | are the space between Schwann cells and it speeds up nerve tranmission by saltatory conduction. |
| 3 types of neuron based functions | Sensory neurons, Motor neurons, and inter neurons. |
| Sensory neurons also known as | afferent neurons. |
| sensory neurons | sends impulses to the CNS and receives information (impulses and signs) from receptors. |
| 2 types of sensory neuron receptor. | Somatic receptors and visceral receptors. |
| Somatic receptors | are in the skin, skeletal muscles and joints. |
| Visceral receptors | are in internal organs. |
| Motor neurons also known as | efferent neurons. |
| Motor neurons | receives impulses from the CNS and sends instructions (impulses/signals) to the effector. |
| Effector | structures affected by efferent neuron (either a muscle or gland). |
| 2 types of motor neurons | SOmatic neuron and visceral neuron. |
| Somatic meuron | effects the skeletal muscle. |
| Visceral neuron | effect the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. |
| Interneurons | connects CNS neurons together. It connects sensory neurons to motor neurons. |
| Create connections in the brain to make all of out neurological processes possible by | thought, memory, intention, movement, emotion. logic, reason, and etc. |
| Interneurons | makes up 90% of the body's neurons. |
| Neuron Anatomy | makes up a cell body and Nerve Fiber. |
| Cell body also known as | Soma |
| The cell body | contains the nuclues and organelles. |
| Nerve FIber | processes of a neuron. |
| Dendrites | sends impulses towards the cell body and can be serveral thousands of them. |
| Axon | sends impulses away from the cell body. |
| Axons branch at the far end and | each branch ends as a synaptic knob. |
| 3 types of Neuron base on structure | Multipolar, Bipolar, and Pseudonipolar. |
| Multipolar | have multiple of dendrites and one axon off the cell body. |
| Multipolar can be found in | motor nerves. |
| Bipolar | have one axon and one dendrite off of the cell body each of which can have multiple extensions. |
| Bipolar can be found in | the olfactory nerve and retina. |
| Pseudounipolar | have one branch off of the cell body. |
| Pseudounipolar can be found in | sensory nerves of the PNS. |
| This forms the myeline sheath in the brain and spinal cord is called | Oligodendrocyte. |
| Provides structural support in the central nervous system | Astrocyte. |
| Forms the myelin sheath around nerves in the peripheral nervous system. | Schwann cells. |
| Lines spinal cord and cavities of the brain. Secretes CSF. | Ependymal cell |
| Engulfs microorganisms and cellular debris. | Microglia. |
| Nerve impulse | is an electrochemical signal carried by the nerve. |
| At rest the neuron is | polarized. |
| Action potential | the neuron becomes active as it conducts an impulse along the axon. It can happen 100 times per second. |
| Depolarization | reverses the charges. It travels down the neuron fiber in one direction. |
| Caused by a stimulus such as a neurotransmitter | makes the membrane more permeable to ions. |
| Repolarization | K+ channels open and K+ rushes out thus restoring the net charge. |
| Refractory Period | After the action potential occurs the sodium potassium pumps restores the Na+ and K+ to their respective comparments. |
| Saltatory Conduction | myelinated fibers only depolarized at nnodes of Ranvier and it increases the velocity of the nerve transmission in the myelinated fibers. |
| Synapes | is the space between the axon of one neuron and dendrite or cell body of another. |
| Synaptic Knob | the terminal end of the PREsynaptic axon and it releases the neurotransmitter by exocytosis after being signaled by electrical depolarization of the cell membrane. |
| Neurotransmitter | are chemicals that excite or inhibit a neuron in a synapse and is attached to receptors on the post synaptic neuron. |
| Most common chemical in the neurotransmitter is | Acetylcholine. |
| Inactivator | is enyzmes that deactivates neurotransmitter by changing its shape to stop the impulse until needed again. |
| ReUptake | reabsorption of the neurotransmitter back into the neuron that released it and it allows it to be re-used. |
| Reuptakes | occurs only in one dorection. |
| Spinal Cord | is located int he spinal canal. |
| Spinal Cord also | transmits signal between the brain and the PNS. |
| Spinal cords | extends from the foramen magnum to about L1-L2. Cauda equina and meninges extend beyong to the sacrum. |
| An unmyelinated interneurons and cell bodies of the motor neuroms and "H" shaped in cross section is | Gray Matter. |
| Myelinated nerve fibers and it is located in the outer part is | White matter. |
| Dorsal Root (posterior) | are afferent fibers. |
| Dorsal Root Ganglia | are cell bodies of the sensory neurons. |
| Ventral Root (anterior) | are efferent fibers. |
| Meninges | are connective tissue membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. |
| Th 3 layer of meninges are | Pia Mater, Arachnoid Mater, and Dura Mater. |
| Dura Mater also known as | Hard Mother. |
| Dura mater | lines the cranium and vertebral canal and it contacts the bone/skull. |
| Arachnoid Mater also known as | Spider Mater. |
| Arachnoid mater | is a web-like strands that connect to pia mater, it contains CSF, and subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid and the pia. |
| Pia Mater also known as | Gentle Mater. |
| Pia mater | is inside the arachnoid and covers the contacts the brain and cord. |
| Meningitis | is inflammation of the meninges. It usuallly from a viral or bacterial infection. |
| Tracts also known as | fasciculi. |
| 2 types of tract groups | Ascending and Descending. |
| Ascending | carry impulses UP the cord to the brain and always sensory. |
| Descending | carry impulses DOWN the cord from the brain and always motor. |
| Nerves | groups of fasciculi (axon and/or dendrites) and blood vessels enclosed in a connective tissue sheath. |
| 3 types of Nerves | Sensory, Motor, and Mixed. |
| Sensory Nerves | are ONLY afferent neurons. |
| Motor Nerves | are ONLY efferent neurons. |
| Mixed Neurons | are both sensory and motor neurons. Most of our perpheral nerves are mixed. |
| Spinal Nerves | are all mixed nerves and nerves from the cord to the periphery. |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves? | 31 pairs. |
| The vertebra consists of | Thoracic, Lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal spinal nerves. |
| Cervical Plexus (C1-C4) | Network fromt he upper cervical nerves and it supplies various structures in the head and neck. |
| Brachial Plexus (C5-T1) | Network from the lower cervical nerves and t1, and it supplies the upper extremity. |
| Lumbar and Sacral Plexi | Upper and lower lumbar and sacral nerves respectively supply various structures in the pelvis and the entire lower extremity. |
| Lumbar plexus included in the sciatic nerve | is the largest nerve in the body. |
| Cauda Equina | is a continuation of spinal nerves beyond the spinal cord. |
| Reflexes | is involuntary response to a stimulus. |
| Somatic reflexes | involve stimulation of a skeletal muscle after input from the somatic receptor. |
| There are 5 parts of thr reflex arc which are | receptors, sensory neurons, CNS, motor neurons, and effector. |
| The receptor | detects a stimulus amd generate an impulse. |
| The sensory neurons | transmits impulse to the CNS. |
| the CNS | interprets the impulse and redirects it. |
| The motor neurons | transmits impulse to the effector. |
| The effector | performs the action. |
| Brain also known as | Encephalon. |
| The brain has 4 major division which are | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, and Brainstem. |
| THere are 4 cavities within the brain | 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricles, and fourth ventricle. And it also contains CSF. |
| The 2 lateral ventricles are | within each cerebral hemisphere. |
| The third ventricle is | within the diencephalon. |
| The fourth ventricle is | between th cerebellum and midbrain. |
| CSF also known as | Cerebralspinal fluid. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is | sugary, salty, watery, and crystal clear fluid. |
| CSF functions | to bring nutrients to the CNS, removes waste products and it is used for a cushion. |
| Hydrocephaly | is a higher rate of production that absorption. |
| CSF is used to | test for dysfuntion. (i.e. meningitis, bleeding) |
| CSF can leak into the nasal cavity with head injuries it can | cause severe headaches. (taste test: sweet. go to the nearest emergency room) |
| Brainstem | includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla. |
| Midbrain is located | from the poms to the hypothalamus. It encloses cerebral adquect (connects to the 3rd and 4th ventricles) |
| Midbrain reflexes | includes visual, auditory, and righting. It is the relay center. |
| Medulla also known as | Medulla Oblongata. |
| Medulla is located | from the spinal cord to the pons. |
| 3 Vital functions os the Medulla Oblongata are | Cardiac center, vasomotor centers, and respiratory centers. |
| The cardiac center | regulates the heart rate. |
| The vasomotor center | regulates the blood pressure. |
| The respiatory center | regulates respiration. |
| Examples of reflex centers are | coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. |
| Pons latin names means | Brigde. |
| Pons is located | superior to the Medulla. |
| Pons the 2 respiratory centers | work within the medulla to produce normal breathing rhythm. |
| Cerebellum reffered to | Little brain. |
| Cerebellum is located | posterior to medulla, pons, and 4th ventricle, inferior to occipital lobe of the cerebrum. |
| Cerebellum functions with movement. For example | coordination, regulation of muscle tone, posture and equilibrium. It remmebers complex movements. |
| Cerebellum works in conjunction | with the inner ear and eyes for equilibrium. |
| Diencephalon | includes the Thalamus and Hypothalamus. |
| Thalamus is located | lateral to 3rd ventricle and superior to the hypothalamus. |
| Thalamus getaway for sensation | (general and special, except smell) and the sensory input comes to the thalamus first then, if it is important it is directed to the cerebrum where it is interpreted. |
| Thalamus blocks | unwanted sensations and it allows u to concentrate without distraction of thousands of sensations. |
| Hypothalamus is located | inferior to the thalamus, and superior to the pituitary gland. |
| Hypothalamus controls | the involuntary part of our nervous system. |
| Hypothalamus produces | hormones. The releasing hormones stimulate secretion of the hormones from the anterior pituitary gland. |
| Hypothalamus involves in emotion response such as | anger, fear, aggression, and pleasure. |
| Cerebrum is located in | the 2 hemispheres, several lobes, and is connected by thr corpus collosum. |
| The right and left hemisphere | contains the right and left ventricles. |
| the Cerebral cortex | is the surface of the cerebrum. |
| The cerebral cortex is made up of | gray matter. |
| White matter is internal | to the gray matter. |
| White matter is made up of | myelinated fibers that connects parts of the brain to other parts of the brain or NS. |
| 4 appearances of the cerebrum are | gyri, sulci, fissure, and surface area. |
| Gyri | are the folds. (convultions) |
| Sulci | is the small grooves between the gyri. |
| Fissure | are deep grooves that seperate the lobes and hemispheres. |
| Folding increases the surface area | which increases the number of neurons which enables a higher level of cognition. |
| Frontal lobe | is the anterior part. |
| Frontal lobe area | is the motor. |
| Motor areas | contralateral voluntary movement. |
| The largest motor portion devoted to the fine movement | are the hands and face. (Illustrated by the homonculus) |
| Parietal lobes | are superior and lateral. |
| Parietal lobes general sensory areas are | interpret impulses from the conlateral sensory organs in skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments. |
| Parietal lobes taste areas | overlap temporal lobes and it interpret input from taste buds. |
| Temporal Lobes | lateral. |
| Temporal sensory areas | interprets hearing, smell, learning, memory, and visual recognition. |
| Occipital Lobes | posterior. |
| Occipital lobes visual areas | interpret input from our eyes. |
| Basal ganglia also known as | basal nuclei or deep nuclei. |
| Basal ganglia | is paired of gray matter within the cerebral hemisphere. |
| Basal ganglia helps regulate and coordinate complex movement by | coordinating communication among areas of the brain. |
| Corpus Collosum | bands millions of fibers that connect hemispheres. |
| The importance of corpus collosum is | coordinating left brain functions with right brain functions. |
| Cranial Nerve | has 12 pairs of peripheral nerves that emerges from the brain. |
| Cranial nerve supply mostly | sensory and motor to areas of the face including special senses. |
| CN I | Olfactory Nerve |
| Olfactory Nerve CN I | is the smell. |
| CN II | Optic Nerve. |
| Optic Nerve CN II | made up of neurons from the retina. Is the vision. |
| CN VIII | Vestibulocochlear Nerve. |
| Vestibulocochlear Nerve CN VIII | is the hearing and balance. |
| CN X | Vagus Nerve. |
| Vagus Nerve CN X | supplies internal organs of the ventral cavity. |
| Somatic Nervous System functions | voluntary component that innervates skeletal muscle. |
| Autonomic Nervous System functions | involuntary component made up of visceral motor neurons that supply effectors. |
| Examples of the ANS effectors are | smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. |
| Sympathetic division also known as | thoracolumbar division. |
| Sympathetic division is responsible for the | fight or flight response. |
| Fight and Flight response | is dominant in stressful situations. |
| Examples of fight and flight responses are | increase heart rate and decrease in digestion. |
| Parasympathetic division also known as | craniosacral division. |
| Parasympathetic is responsible for the | rest and digest response. |
| Rest and digest response | dominates in relaxed situations. |
| Examples of rest and digest responses are | increase digestion and urination, decrease in heart rate. And it functions basically the opposite of the SNS. |
| The impulse-conducting cells of the nervous system are called: | neurons. |
| Neurons detect sensations such as touch or heat and then relay information about the stimuli to the central nervous system is: | the afferent neurons. |
| A nerve cell is which in which phase cannot respond to a new stimulus is called | refractory period. |
| Which statement regarding spinal nerves is true? | Spinal nerves are mixed nerves, containing both sensory and motor fibers, making it capable of transmitting impulses in teo directions. |
| A key nerve is part os the sacral plexus? | Sciatic Nerve. |
| The portion of the brain contains centers resposible for such vital functions as heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure? | Medulla Oblongata. |
| The brain structure influences nearly every organ and exerts control over the autonomic nervous system and pituitary gland is | Hypothalamus. |
| Which cranial nerve supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities as well as those in the head and neck? | Vagus |
| Characteristic of the somatic nervous system is | it operates under voluntary control. |
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nmartinez06
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