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A&P 1 ch 2 :chemistr
A&P 1 ch 2 :chemistry comes alive outline material
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ELEMENTS are | Substances that cannot be broken down by a chemical reaction |
| How many elements are there | 1) ___94____ occur in nature. 2) __24____ _ are made in the lab. |
| B. The human body is made up of | ___65___ % Oxygen, ___18.5______ % Carbon, _______ % Hydrogen, ___3.3______% Nitrogen and ___3.5_____% other elements. |
| C. Essential elements are ___required______ for life. They include: | 1) ____O_____ 2) ____C_____ 3) ____H_____4) ___N______ 5) ____Ca_____ 6) ____P_____7) ____K_____8) _____Na___9) ____Mg_____ |
| D. Trace elements are necessary for life in ___minute_____ quantities. They include: | 1) _____Iron_____ 2) ___Iodine______ |
| Atoms are particles of __elements_________. They are made up of the following subatomic particles: | 1) Neutrons are __neutral_______ in charge and are found in the ____nucleus______.2) Protons are ____positive______ in charge and are also found in the ___nucleus________. |
| 3) Electrons are | _negative in charge and are found in the __orbitals_________ outside the nucleus. The electrons _____repel___ each other and orbit the nucleus at the speed of light. Electrons have almost no mass and occupy a large volume around the ___nucleus_______. |
| B. Electrons that orbit the nucleus fill | ____orbitals______ outside the nucleus. The first shell can hold up to __2_____ electrons and all other shell can hold _____8_____ electrons. The orbitals fill from the ___inside______ first. |
| CHEMICAL REACTIONS | Determined by the behavior of the electrons in the _____outer____ energy shell. Elements without full outer shells are ___reactive________ and combine with other atoms. |
| A chemical bond is a bond between two ____atoms______ that yields unique emergent properties that are not possessed by either atom by themselves. | 1) Ionic – 2) Covalent -3) Polar Covalent – |
| Inorganic compounds – do not have | ____C______ and ______H____ as their base. |
| 1) Water is ____60-80______ % of the volume of most living cells. Water has a bent, ____polar_____ structure. Water has some interesting properties: | a) Solubilityb) Reactivityc) High heat capacity |
| Salts are ______ionic______ compounds that disassociate in water causing | ___ions_______ that can carry an electrical current. |
| Acids and Bases are important for changing the ____pH____ of solutions by adding | more H+ ions or OH- ions. |
| a) If there are the same number of H+ and OH – ions the solutions is | ___neutral_____ with a pH of 7. |
| b) If there are more H+ ions the solution is ___acidic_________ with a | pH between 1-6. |
| c) If there are more OH- ions the solution is __basic________ with a pH | between 8-14. |
| d) Buffers are compounds that ___change_______ the pH by removing or replacing | H+ ions. |
| A) Carbohydrates are ____organic_____ molecules. | 1) Contain ______C______, _________H_____ and ________O_____ in a 1:2:1 ratio. |
| 2) ____Monosaccharides___________ are simple sugars. | The most common example is glucose. |
| 3) Disaccharides are two ____monosaccharides__________ joined together. | Sucrose (table sugar) is a disaccharide. |
| 4) ___________Polysaccharides________ are complex carbohydrates | a) Cellulose is a plant polysaccharide that is indigestible.b) Glycogen is animal polysaccharide – starch that is stored. |
| 5) When the body needs energy it breaks down | glycogen into glucose molecules to be used as _____fuel__________. This is done by a process called dehydration ___synthesis_________. |
| 6) Carbohydrate’s role in the body is for ____quick______ energy! | This is the body’s _____first_____ source of fuel. |
| B) Lipids are | ___fats_____, oils and waxes. |
| 1) Lipids also contain | _____C______ and ____H_________ in a 1:2 ratio. Although they do have oxygen atoms they contain much fewer than carbohydrates. |
| 2) Lipids provide twice as much energy as carbohydrates do, | but when there is an excess of lipids they are stored as ____fats______ in the body. |
| 3) There are three main types of lipids: | Fatty acids, Triglycerides, phospholipids |
| a) Fatty acids – | saturated fats, unsaturated fats |
| 1. Saturated fatty acids have | ____increased_______ number of hydrogen atoms attached. Normally solid at room temperature. |
| 2. Unsaturated fats have | ____C=C______ bonds so they have fewer hydrogen atoms attached. Normally liquid at room temperature. a. Monounsaturated and b. Polyunsaturated – |
| 3 Triglycerides are __3______ fatty acids and a glycerol molecule. | They are joined by dehydration synthesis. |
| 4. Phospholipids consist of | ___2______ fatty acids connected to a ___glycerol______ molecule and a ______phosphate_______ group. |
| 1. Hydrophilic – | affinity to water |
| 2. Hydrophobic – | repelled by water |
| 4) The role of lipids in the body is | ______fat______ energy storage, to make _____proteins______ and cell membranes, and to cushion _____organs______ and joints. |
| C) Proteins are cells building blocks. They are composed of | ____C_______, _____O______, ____H_______ and ______N______. They make up 10-30% of any given cells mass. |
| 1) ____________Amino Acids______________ | are the building blocks of proteins.a) Amino group b) Carboxyl group c) R variable group – depending on which of the ___20______ amino acids it is. |
| 2) Protein structure is very complex and single amino acids are joined by | ____peptide bonds_________. |
| a) Primary structure is a | _____linear_____ molecule, where amino acids are linked by ____peptide________ bonds. |
| b) Secondary structure is | when the linked molecules ______coil____ in on themselves. 1. Double helix – 2. Beta pleated sheet – |
| c) Tertiary structure is | when the secondary structure twists into a ball to form a __globular_________ molecule. |
| d) The final structure, quaternary structure, is | formed when two tertiary structures come together to form a ____functional_______ protein. |
| 3) Fluctuations in _____pH_______ and _____temp________ can cause these protein structures to unfold or | ______denature_________. Sometimes they can return to their original shape but too much of a shift in internal range will cause them to be irreversibly ______changed_______. |
| 4) Proteins play an important role in the body. They are the | ____last_____ source of energy, but are used to build many different cellular and tissue structures, like _muscle_ and _____hair_____. |
| D. Nucleic acids are composed of | __C__________, _________O_____, _____H________, ____N_______ and ________P_____. These are the largest macromolecules in the body. |
| 1) Nucleotides are the ___building blocks____ of nucleic acids. Each nucleotide consist of three major parts: | a) ___ribose________ - a sugar b) ___nitrogenous base__ c) _______phosphate_____ group |
| 2) Two major types of nucleic acids: | DNA and RNA |
| a) DNA is found in the ______nucleus________ and contains all the ___genetic information________________________. | 1) DNA is a double stranded polymer which orients itself into a double ____helix_____ or ladder-like spiral molecule. |
| 2) DNA is made up of ____deoxyribose______________ as the sugar component and four different nitrogenous bases: | ____adenine_____________,guanine__________,_______cytosine__________ and _______thymine___________. |
| b) RNA is located ____outside______ the nucleus and carries out the orders issued by | ____DNA______. |
| A) Metabolism is | all chemical reactions going on in the body that are necessary to _______maintain______ life functions. These reactions involve two major processes: |
| 1) Anabolism | – building ___larger________ molecules from _____smaller________ molecules. This requires ATP _____input_______. |
| 2) Catabolism – | breaking down _smaller_____________ molecules from ___larger_________molecules. This releases ATP __energy__________. |
| B) All chemical reactions require | _________activation______ energy to get started. This ___activation___________ energy is need BOTH when the reaction is anabolic and catabolic. |
| 1) _______catalysts_______ or | enzymes are a good way to lower the amount of ________activation________ energy needed to start a reaction. a) Enzyme – b) Enzyme Substrate Complex – c) Catalyze ___millions___ of reactions per minute and remain ______unchanged______ from the reaction. |
| C) The energy released from breaking down a larger molecule is called | ___ATP_________. |
| ATP | 1) ___Adenine_________ -a nitrogenous base 2) ___Ribose_________ - a sugar 3) __3__________ phosphate groups |
| Covalent bond | with unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms Example: water Electrons spend more time closer to O than H Thus, O is more electronegative than H |
| Organic compounds | contain carbon in with living things |
| Inorganic compounds | water, salts, acids and bases |
| Salts | Ionic compounds Dissociate in water Ions are electrolytes |
| What are the four main classes of organic compounds? | carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids - each of these have subdivisions, know them. |
| How ATP Performs Work: | Phosporylation Phosphate group is transferred directly from ATP to some other molecule Phosphorylated molecule undergoes a change that performs work |
| Examples of ATP | ATP phosphorylates motor proteins that cause muscle contraction ATP phosporylates transport proteins to move substances across the cell membrane |
| Regeneration of ATP | ATP is a renewable resource add P to ADP ATP cycle is rapid Example: a working muscle cell recycles all it’s ATP in < 1 minute |
| Cellular Respiration = | ATP Production |
| Where does glucose come from? | Your food |
| Where does the oxygen come from? | You breathe it in |
| Where does the CO2 go? | You breathe it out |
| Where does the water go? | Used throughout the body |
| Where does the ATP go? | Used to power cellular work |
| Cellular Respiration = ATP Production FORMULA | C6H12O6 + 6O2 .... to .... 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP |
Created by:
catalin1993
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