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A & P 1
class notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| anatomy | study of the form and structure of the body (relationships among parts of the body as well as the structure of the individual organs) |
| physiology | examines how the body functions (how organ and body systems function under normal circumstances and abnormal circumstances) |
| microscopic anatamoy | examines structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye (use microscope) |
| cytology | study of body cells and their internal structure |
| histology | study of tissues |
| gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy) | investigates structures viable to the unaided eye (specimens dissected for examination) |
| systemic anatomy | studies the anatomy of each functional body system |
| regional anatomy | examines all of the structures in a particular region of the body |
| cardiovascular physiology | the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and blood |
| neurophysiology | the functioning of nerves and nervous system organs |
| respiratory physiology | the functioning of respiratory organs |
| reproductive physiology | the functioning of reproductive hormones and the reproductive cycle |
| pathophysiology | the relationship between the function of an organ system and disease or injury in the system |
| body's level of organization (simplest to most complex) | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal |
| chemical level | involves atoms and molecules |
| atoms | smallest units of matter |
| molecules | one or more combined atoms (sugar, vitamins) |
| macromolecules | more complex molecules (proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid [DNA]) |
| organelles | microscopic subunits in cells composed of macromolecules |
| cellular level | consists of cells formed from atoms and molecules from the chemical level |
| cells | smallest living structures, basic units of structure and function in organisms, vary widely in structure, reflecting specialization needed |
| tissue level | consists of tissues |
| tissues | groups of similar cells performing common functions |
| four types of tissues | epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue |
| epithelial tissue | covers exposed surfaces and lines body cavities |
| connective tissue | protects, supports, and binds structures and organs |
| muscle tissue | produces movement |
| nervous tissue | conducts nerve impulses |
| organ level | consists of organs |
| organs | two or more tissue types performing specific functions (i.e. the small intestine composed of all four tissue types, working to process and absorb digested nutrients) |
| organ system level | contain related organs that work together to achieve a common function (i.e. organs of the digestive system working together to digest food, absorb nutrients, and expel waste products) |
| organismal level | highest level of structural organization with all body functions working independently in a living being |
| all organisms must exchange ____, _____, and ___ to carry on metabolism | nutrients, wastes, and gases |
| multicellular organisms require _____ _____ to perform multiple activities | organ systems |
| 11 organ systems | integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, urinary system, digestive system, male and female reproductive system |
| integumentary system | forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, synthesizes vitamin D, and site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, sweat and oil glands) |
| skeletal system | protects and supports body organs, provides a framework for muscles, forms blood cells within bones, stores minerals |
| muscular system | locomotion, maintain posture, and produces heat |
| nervous system | fast-acting control system and responds to internal and external changes |
| endocrine system | glands secrete hormones that regulate growth, reproduction and nutrient use |
| cardiovascular system | blood vessels transport blood (carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and wastes) and the heart pumps blood through blood vessels |
| lymphatic system/ immunity | picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, disposes of debris in the lymphatic system, houses white blood cells (lymphocytes), and mounts attack against foreign substances in the body |
| respiratory system | keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and gas exchange occurs though walls of air sacs in the lungs |
| digestive system | breaks down food into absorbable units and indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces |
| urinary system | eliminates nitrogenous wastes and regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance |
| male and female reproductive system | overall function is to produce offspring (testes produce sperm and male sex hormones, ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones, and mammary glands produce milk) |
| anatomic position | upright stance, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper limbs at the sides of the body, palms face anteriorly (toward the front), head is level, eyes look forward |
| section | slice or cut to expose internal anatomy |
| plane | imaginary flat surface passing through the body |
| three major planes | coronal (frontal), transverse, midsagittal (sagittal) |
| coronal plane | vertical plane dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) |
| transverse plane | horizontal plane dividing the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) |
| midsagittal (sagittal) plane | vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves |
| dorsal | toward the back |
| ventral | toward the belly |
| proximal | nearer to the trunk |
| distal | farther from the trunk |
| medial | toward the inside of the body |
| lateral | toward the outside of the body |
| superior | above |
| inferior | below |
| deep | on the inside |
| superficial | on the outside |
| two main regions of the body | axial region and appendicular region |
| axial region | includes the head, neck, and trunk and forms the main vertical axis of the body |
| appendicular region | composed of the upper and lower limbs |
| body cavities are grouped into a _____ and ____ | posterior aspect and ventral cavity |
| posterior aspect | contains cavities completely encased in bone, physically and developmentally distinct from the ventral cavity, and subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity |
| cranial cavity (endocranium) | formed by bones of the cranium (houses the brain) |
| vertebral canal | formed by the bones of the vertebral column (houses the spinal cord) |
| ventral cavity | larger, anteriorly placed, does not completely encase organs in bone, partitioned into superior thoractic cavity and an inferior abdominopelvic cavity, and lined with serous membranes, continuous layer of cells |
| serous membranes composed of two layers | parietal layer and visceral layer |
| parietal layer | lines the internal surface of the body wall |
| visceral layer | covers the external surface of organs (the viscera within the cavity) |
| Where is the serous cavity | between the parietal layer and the visceral layer |
| serous fluid | secreted by the membranes, serves as a lubricant, and reduces friction caused by movement of organs against the body wall |
| mediastinum | median space in the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels that connect to the heart |
| serous pericardium | two-layered serous membrane |
| parietal pericardium | outer layer which forms the sac around the heart |
| visceral pericardium | inner layer which forms the heart's external surface |
| pericardial cavity | potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid |
| pleura | two-layered serous membrane associated with the lungs |
| parietal pleura | outer layer which lines the internal surface of the thoracic wall |
| visceral pleura | inner layer which covers the external surface of the lungs |
| pleural cavity | potential space between parietal and visceral layers containing serous fluid |
| abdominopelvic cavity can be divided in two... | horizontal plane at the level of the superior aspect of the hip bones |
| abdominal cavity | area superior to the plane and contains most of the digestive system organs, kidneys, and most of the ureters |
| pelvic cavity | area inferior and between the hip bones that contains distal large intestine, remainder of ureters and urinary bladder, and internal reproductive organs |
| homeostasis | the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in response to changing conditions |
| body maintains homeostasis with... | homeostatic control systems |
| three components associated with each system to maintain homeostasis | receptor, control center, and effector |
| receptor | the structure that detects changes in a variable, the stimulus (i.e. a change in temperature) and consists of sensory nerves |
| control center | the structure (portion of the nervous system or an endocrine organ) that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the effector |
| effector | the structure that brings about changes to alter the stimulus and most body structures (i.e. muscles and glands) |
| feedback loop | stimulus... detection of stimulus by a receptor... information relayed to the control center... integration of the input by control center and initiation of change through effectors... return of homeostasis by the actions of effectors |
| negative feedback | a type of homeostatic control system that maintains the variable within a normal range (results in action opposite the stimulus), controls most body processes, and variable is maintained within a normal level or set point |
| positive feedback | another type of homeostatic control that moves the stimulus in the same direction and continues until a climatic event occurs |
Created by:
Nicolekr
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