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Chapter 1:Human Body
An orientation to human body; polytech academy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another |
| Gross/macroscopic [anatomy] | can see it without a microscope |
| Microscopic [anatomy] | need a microscope to see it |
| cytology | study of cells |
| microscopic | study of tissues |
| physiology | the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery |
| 1. chemical level | Atoms combine to form molecules |
| 2. cellular level | Cells are made up of molecules |
| 3. tissue level | Tissues consist of similar types of cells |
| 4. organ level | Organs are made up of different types of tissues |
| 5. organ systems level | Organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely |
| 6. organismal level | The human organism is made up of many organ systems |
| Integumentary system | Forms the external body covering; Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails; Main function: protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes Vitamin D; Location of cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands |
| skeletal system | Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments; Main function: protects and supports body organs; Provides the framework for muscles; Site of blood cell formation; Stores minerals |
| muscular system | Composed of muscles and tendons; Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression; Main function: locomotion (allows you to move around);Maintains posture and produces heat |
| nervous system | “control center”; Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves; The fast-acting control system of the body; Main function: responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
| endocrine system | Composed of glands; Main function: glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells; Extremely important to overall function of body |
| cardiovascular system | Composed of the heart and blood vessels; The heart pumps blood; The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body; Transports nutrients, electrolytes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide |
| lymphatic system | Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels; Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood; Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream; Houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
| respiratory system | Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs; Main function: keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; The gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs |
| digestive system | Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver; Main function: breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood; Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces |
| urinary system | Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra; Eliminates nitrogenous wastes (easily toxic) from the body; Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood |
| male reproductive system | Composed of the prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens; Main function: production of offspring; Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones; Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract; Regulates sex hormones |
| female reproductive system | Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, etc; Main function: production of offspring; Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones; Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus |
| organ system interrelationships | The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment; Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients, and oxygen; Systems that work together |
| 1a. maintaining boundaries | the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment |
| 1b. movement | locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility |
| 1c. responsiveness | ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them |
| 1d. digestion | breakdown of ingested foodstuffs |
| 1e. metabolism | all the chemical reaction that occur in the body |
| 1f. excretion | removal of wastes from the body |
| 1g. reproduction | cellular and organismal levels |
| 1h. growth | increase in size of a body part of the organismal (cell division) |
| 2a. nutrients | needed for energy and cell building |
| 2b. oxygen | necessary for metabolic reactions (required for chemical reactions) |
| 2c. water | provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions (all reactions occur in water) |
| 2d. normal body temperature | necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates (homeostasis fever kills bacteria) |
| 2e. atmospheric pressure | required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs |
| homeostasis | The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world;The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibrium; Chemical, thermal, and neutral factors interact to maintain homeostasis |
| Homeostatic Control Mechanisms | The 3 interdependent components of the control mechanisms:Receptor – monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli);Control center–determines the set point at which the variable is maintained; Effector–provides the means to respond to stimuli |
| anatomical position | 1. Body erect (standing) 2. Feet slightly apart 3. Palms facing forward 4. Thumbs pointing away from the body |
| superior | toward the head a. The head is superior to the abdomen |
| inferior | away from the head a. the navel is inferior to the chin |
| anterior | toward the front of the body a. The breastbone is anterior to the spine |
| posterior | toward the back of the body a. The heart is posterior to the breastbone |
| medial | toward the midline a. The heart is medial to the arm |
| lateral | away from the midline a. The arms are lateral to the chest |
| intermediate | between a more medial and lateral structure a. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder |
| proximal | closer to the origin of the body part a. The elbow is proximal to the wrist |
| distal | farther from the origin of the body part a. The knee is distal to the thigh |
| superficial | towards the body surface a. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles |
| deep | away from the body surface a. The lungs are deep to the skin |
| sagittal | divides the body into right and left parts |
| midsagittal or medial | sagittal plane that lies on the midline |
| frontal or coronal | divides the body into anterior and posterior parts |
| transverse or horizontal | divides the body into superior and inferior parts |
| oblique section | cuts made diagonally |
| dorsal body cavity | a. Cranial cavity b. Vertebral cavity |
| Ventral body cavity | a. Thoracic cavity i. Separated from abdominal cavity by diaphragm b. Abdominal cavity c. Pelvic cavity |
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KWOLF1
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