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Cell Basics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| firmly imbedded in, or attached to lipid bilayer | Integral proteins |
| Short chains of carbohydrates attach to (blank) | Integral proteins |
| Short chains of carbohydrates form the (blank) | The Glycocalyx |
| attach to membrane surface and support cell membrane from the cytoplasmic side | Peripheral proteins |
| tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient | Simple Diffusion |
| diffusion of water molecules across a membrane | Osmosis |
| movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through an integral protein | Facilitated Diffusion |
| integral proteins move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient | Active Transport |
| Mechanism by which particles enter cells | Endocytosis |
| “cell eating” | Phagocytosis |
| “cell drinking” | Pinocytosis |
| Plasma proteins bind to certain molecules Invaginates and forms a coated pit Pinches off to become a coated vesicle NOTE: This is the method by which insulin and cholesterol enter cells! | Receptor-mediated Endocytosis |
| a mechanism that moves substances out of the cell Proteins from the vesicles (v-SNAREs) bind with membrane proteins (t-SNAREs) The lipid layers from both membranes bind, and the vesicle releases its contents to the outside of the cell | Exocytosis |
| lies internal to cell membrane Consists of cytosol, organelles, and inclusions | Cytoplasm |
| Jelly-like fluid in which other cellular elements are suspended Consists of water, ions, and enzymes | Cytosol |
| composed of proteins and ribosomal RNA; not surrounded by a membrane | Ribosomes |
| Site of protein synthesis Assembly of proteins is called translation They are the “assembly line” of the manufacturing plant | Ribosomes |
| “network within the cytoplasm” | Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| Part of ER where no ribosomes are attached; therefore no protein synthesis | Smooth ER |
| a stack of three to 10 disk-shaped envelopes, Sorts products of rough ER and sends them to proper destination | Golgi apparatus |
| “packaging and shipping” | Golgi apparatus |
| Products of rough ER move through the Golgi from the (blank) to the (blank) side | from the convex (cis) to the concave (trans) side |
| membrane-walled sacs of oxidase enzymes Enzymes neutralize free radicals and break down poisons Break down long chains of fatty acids Are numerous in the liver and kidneys Are the toxic waste removal system | Peroxisomes |
| an elaborate network of rods | Cytoskeleton |
| three types of rods | Microtubules— cylindrical structures made of proteins Microfilaments— filaments of contractile protein actin Intermediate filaments— protein fibers |
| Look at Slide 30, 31, and 32 of CHAP-2 Powerpoint to see what the three types of rods look like | Look at Slide 30, 31, and 32 of CHAP-2 Powerpoint to see what the three types of rods look like |
| a spherical structure in the cytoplasm | Centrosome (Composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles ) |
| paired cylindrical bodies Consists of 27 short microtubules Act in forming cilia Necessary for karyokinesis (nuclear division) | Centrioles |
| Temporary structures | Structures not present in all cell types |
| Lipid droplets | Structure found in liver cell and fat cells |
| Glycosomes | Structure that stores sugar in the form of glycogen |
| Nucleus approximate diameter | 5µm |
| two parallel membranes separated by fluid-filled space | Nuclear envelope |
| Nuclear pores | -penetrate the nuclear envelope -allow large molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus |
| DNA plus the proteins form | Chromatin |
| Each cluster of DNA and histone proteins is a: | nucleosome |
| active region of DNA where DNA’s genetic code is copied onto mRNA (transcription) | Extended chromatin |
| Tightly coiled nucleosomes Inactive form of chromatin | Condensed chromatin |
| highest level of organization of chromatin Contains a long molecule of DNA | Chromosomes |
| How many chromosomes does a human cell have? | 46 |
| The first part of interphase Cell metabolically active—growth—make proteins Variable in length from hours to YEARS (egg cell) Centrioles begin to replicate | Growth 1 phase (G1) |
| DNA replicates itself Ensures that daughter cells receive identical copies of the genetic material (chromatin extended) | Synthesis phase (S) |
| During S (synthetic) and G2 phases, cell carries on normal activities | During S (synthetic) and G2 phases, cell carries on normal activities |
| cells divide during this stage Follows interphase (G1, S, and G2) | M (mitotic) phase |
| Cell division involves: | Mitosis—division of the nucleus during cell division Chromosomes are distributed to the two daughter nuclei Cytokinesis— division of the cytoplasm Occurs after the nucleus divides |
| What are the stages of Mitosis? | PMATI |
| the first and longest stage of mitosis chromatin threads condense into chromosomes Centriole pairs separate from one another The mitotic spindle forms | Prophase (Look at Slide 52 in PP CHAP-2 to compare Early Prophase vs. Late Prophase) |
| the second stage of mitosis Chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cell Centromeres are aligned along the equator Look at Slide 54 in PP CHAP-2 to see what Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase look like) | Metaphase (Look at Slide 54 in PP CHAP-2 to see what Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase look like) |
| the third and shortest stage of mitosis Centromeres of chromosomes split | Anaphase (Look at Slide 54 in PP CHAP-2 to see what Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telophase look like) |
| begins as chromosomal movement stops Chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil Resume threadlike extended-chromatin form A new nuclear membrane forms | Telophase |
| completes the division of the cell into two daughter cells | Cytokinesis |
| Cells that connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases | Erythrocytes, Fibroblasts, Epithelial cells |
| Cells that move organs and body parts | Skeletal Muscle Cells, Smooth Muscle Cells |
| Cell that stores nutrients | Fat Cell |
| Cell that fights disease | Macrophage |
| Cell that gathers information and controls body functions | Nerve Cell |
| Cell of reproduction | Sperm |
Created by:
sl1512
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