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Ocul. A&P Syllabus 2
Terms NOT on Home Study Guide for Ocular A&P #2 Vitreous-Congenital Anomalies
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vitreous Face | Near lens |
| Vitreous Base | An area in the fundus of the eye in which the vitreous membrane, neural retina, and pigment epithelium all are firmly adherent, one to the other. |
| Vitreous Zones | Zone I anterior, Zone II mid, Zone III posterior |
| Cloquet's Canal | Central thin canal and former site of hyaloid artery system. |
| Trichromat | Normal color vision. Can see the three primary colors |
| Dichromat | Lacks a pigment type. Colors appear washed out. |
| Monochromat | Suffer from achromatopsia (without color) all rare or uncommon. |
| Internal Limiting Membrane | Anatomical innermost layer of the retina. |
| Bipolar Cells | In bipolar (middle) layer of neural transmission. Acts as connector cable between the photoreceptors and the ganglion cell layer. |
| Rhodopsin | Photopigment of the rods. The pigment responsible for formation of rods and cones and for the perception of light. |
| Iodopsin | Photopigment of the cones. |
| Nyctalopia | Night blindness |
| Location of Optic Disc | 3mm nasal to fovea. CRA and CRV within disc. |
| Size of Optic Disc | 1.7 by 1.9 mm |
| Normal cup to disc ratio | The optic cup is the white, cup-like area in the center of the optic disc. Normal cup to disc ratio is 0.3 If it is more than it suggests glaucoma. |
| Subarachnoid space of Optic Nerve | The subarachnoid space surrounding the optic nerve |
| Why Vitamin A is important. | Needed by the retina of the eye in the form of retinal, which combines with protein opsin to form rhodopsin. |
| Homonomyous | Same VF are of both eyes |
| Hemianopsia | Involves up to 1/2 of VF |
| Arcuate Scotoma (Bjerrum) | An arc-shaped blind area that may develop in the field of vision of a person with glaucoma. It is caused by damage to nerve fibers in the retina. |
| Enlarged Blind Spot | Central - paracentral |
| Metamorphopsia | A defect of vision in which objects appear to be distorted; usually due to a defect in the retina. |
| Sympathetic (Thoracolumbar)actions | Fight or flight, pupillary dilation, dry mouth with stimulation, increased heart rate and blood pressure. |
| Parasympathetic (Craniosacral)actions | Body's resting state, pupillary constriction and accommodation, sweating when stimulated. Slower heart |
| Nasociliary Nerve | V1, Carries sensory information to the tip of the nose. Long ciliary nerves (sensory to ciliary ganglion)and Infratrochlear (anterior and posterior ethmoid nerve).posterior |
| Trigeminal neuralgia | A very painful condition with severe intractable pain in the face is sometimes treated surgically by destroying the trigeminal ganglion, with resultant sensory loss of the cornea. |
| What 3 nerves pass through the ciliary ganglion? | Sensory (V), Sympathetic (Iris dilator), and Parasympathetic (Iris Sphinster). |
| Mydriasis | Dilation of the pupil of the eye. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | An enzyme that serves to stop excitation of a nerve after transmission of an impulse. |
| Sympathetic NS receptors | Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2 |
| Degrees of Fusion | First Grade- ability to superimpose 2 dissimilar images and perceive them as one. Second- ability to maintain the blending of the images as they move off the fovea. THIRD- Perception of depth (Stereopsis)only useful up to 20 ft. Normal:67 second of arc |
| Aphakia | Absence of crystalline lens. Refractive error is around +12.00D. No ability to accommodate. |
| Anisometropia | Difference in refractive power of 1 D or more between eyes |
| Binocular Vision | Vision using two eyes with overlapping fields of view, allowing good perception of depth. |
| Histamine | Synthesized in mast cells. Once released-itching, tearing, redness, swelling. Prominent in allergy. |
| Prostaglandins | When released from cells, cause dilation of blood vessels and bronchodilator of lungs and increase sensitivity to pain. |
| Kinins | Another type of inflammatory mediator (cytokines, leukotrienes) |
| Complement | Group of proteins in the blood. |
| Hyaloid Arterial System becomes | The Ophthalmic Artery |
| Albina lacks what? | Lack of melanocytes in the iris pigmnent epithelium. |
| What are "bear tracks"? | Multiple areas of grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium |
| What are anterior and posterior staphyloma? | Anterior- bulging of the cornea and anterior chamber. Very uncommon. Posterior- a bulging and thinning of the sclera results in pathological myopia. Common. |
| Retinoblastoma | Is an infantile cancer with rapid growth and seen early in life. High survival rate of 95-98%, Very treatable. Occasionally bilateral. May present as white reflex in the pupil. |
| Anophthalmia | No globe |
| Location of the congenital polar cataract | On the anterior or posterior lens |
| Aniridia | No iris |
| Scleromalacia | Degenerative thinning of the sclera; A very rare ophthalmic manifestation seen in rheumatoid arthritis |
| Sclera is thinnest under the ____________? | Rectus muscle and is the area most likely to rupture. |
| Endothelium Count when born. | 3000-4000 cells/mm2 |
| Corneal Arcus | Cholesterol and cholesterol esters. White ring |
| Corneal Guttata | Little areas of collagen that collect abnormally at the back of the eye due to a growth abnormality of the cells at that location. These lumps can interfere with light transmission. |
| Lamina Cribosa | The part of the sclera of the eye penetrated by the fibers of the optic nerve |
| Sphinster muscle is innervated by the ________________. | Parasympathetic NS |
| Dilator is innervated by the ____________________. | Sympathetic NS |
| What occurs in inflammation, uveitis,etc? | Synechia |
| Iris processes are _____________. | Normal |
| Retinitis Pigmentosa | Inherited retinal dystrophy affecting rods, cones, RPE. |
| What is the leading cause of blindness worldwide? | Vitamin A deficiency |
| What does arcuate mean? | Shaped or bent like an arc or bow |
| Papilledema is _______________. | Bilateral |
| Ciliary Injections signifies ________________ deeper in the eye. | Inflammation |
| Papillitis is on the nerve head. T or F | True |
| Afferent | AWAY from organ (eye) to CNS. |
| Efferent | EXITING CNS toward the organ (eye). |
| When we look at visual fields (VF), keep in mind they are represented as _______________ see them and not as observed by the _______________. Left VF is on our _______ and right VF is on our _______. | We (the patient)/ Investigator/ Left/ Right |
Created by:
Leequa
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