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anatomy - chapter 1
an introduction of the human body
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the science of body structures and the relationships among them? | anatomy |
| what is the careful cutting apart of body strucutes to study their relationships? | dissection |
| what is the science of body functions and how the body parts work? | physiology |
| structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero | embryology |
| structures that emerge from the time of the fertilized egg to the adult form | developmental biology |
| microscopic structure of tissues | histology |
| anatomical landmarks on the surface of the body through visualization and palpation | surface anatomy |
| structures that can be examined without using a microscope | gross anatomy |
| structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous system or respiratory system | systemic anatomy |
| specific regions of the body such as the head or chest | regional anatomy |
| body structures that be visualized through xrays | radiographic anatomy |
| structural changes (from gross to microscopic) associated with disease | pathological anatomy |
| functional properties of nerve cells | neurophysiology |
| hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions | endocrinology |
| functions of the heart and blood vessels | cardiovascular physiology |
| how the body defends itself against disease-causing agents | immunology |
| functions of the air passageways and lungs | respiratory physiology |
| functions of the kidneys | renal physiology |
| changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity | exercise physiology |
| functional changes associated with disease and aging | pathophysiology |
| what are the structural levels of organization? | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal |
| what is the chemical level consisted of? | atoms |
| what kind of atoms are essential for maintaining life? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur |
| at the cellular level, what combines together to form cells? | molecules |
| groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together | tissue |
| what are the basic types of tissues? | muscular, epithelial, connective, nervous |
| layer of epithelial tissue and connective tissue that reduces friction when the stomach moves and rubs against other organs | serous membrane |
| what is the innermost lining that produces fluid and chemical responsible for digestion in the stomach? | epithelial tissue layer |
| what are the noninvasive techniques? | inspection, palpation, ausculation, percussion |
| structures that are composed of 2 or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes | organs |
| consisted of related organs with a common function | system |
| any living individual | organism |
| what are the basic life processes? | metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, reproduction, differentiation |
| what is catabolism? | the breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components |
| what is anabolism? | the building up of complex chemical substance from smaller, simpler components |
| sum of all chemical processes that occurs in the body | metabolism |
| body's ability fo detect and respond to changes | responsiveness |
| includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even tiny structures inside cells | movement |
| an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or both | growth |
| the development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized state | differentiation |
| precursor cells which can give rise to cells that undergo differentiation | stem cells |
| the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, or replacement, or to the production of a new individual | reproduction |
| is the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment due to the ceaseless interplay of the body's many regulatory processes | homeostasis |
| dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that are found inside cells as well as surrounding them | body fluids |
| the fluid within cells | intercellular fluid |
| the fluid outside cells | extracellular fluid |
| the fluid in between cells of tissues | interstitial fluid |
| what is ECF within blood vessels | blood plasma |
| what is ECF within lymphatic vessels | lymph |
| what is the fluid in and around the brain and spinal cord called? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| what is the fluid called in between joints | synovial fluid |
| what is the ECF of the eye called | aqueous humor and vitreous body |
| what is the interstitial fluid that surrounds all body cells often called? | internal environment |
| thin walls of the smallest blood vessels in the body | blood capillaries |
| what are the basic components of the feedback system? | receptor, control center, effector |
| body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center | receptor |
| sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates the input it recieves from receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed | control center |
| body structure that recieves output from the control center and produces a response or effect that changes the controlled condition | effector |
| cycle of events in whcih the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, remonitiored, reevaluated, and so on | feedback system |
| reverses a change in a controlled conditionie: regulation of blood pressure | negative feedback system |
| tends to strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body's controlled conditionsie: child birth | positive feedback system |
| an abnormality of structure or function | disorder |
| more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms | disease |
| subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer | symptoms |
| objective changes that a clincian can observe and measure | signs |
| science that deals with why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community | epidemiology |
| the science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease | pharmacology |
| is the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another | diagnosis |
| conisist of collecting information about events that might be related to a patient's illness | medical history |
| orderly evaluation of the body and it's functions | physical examination |
| what are the vital signs? | temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulse, and sometimes lab tests |
| descriptions of any region or part of the human body assume that it is in a specific stance is called the... | anatomical position |
| body lying face down | prone |
| body lying face up | supine |
| what body parts does the head consist of? | skull and face |
| what body parts does the face include? | eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin |
| what body parts does the trunk consist of? | chest, abdomen, pelvis |
| what body parts does each of the upper limbs consist of? | shoulder, armpit, forearm, wrist, and hand |
| what body parts does each of the lower limbs conist of? | buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot |
| area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the truch attaches to the thighs | groin |
| words that describe the position of one body part relative to another | directional terms |
| toward the head, or the upper part of a structure | superior |
| away from the head, or the lower part of a structure | inferior |
| nearer to or at the front of the body | anterior |
| further from or at the back of the body | posterior |
| nearer to the midline | medial |
| further away from the midline | lateral |
| between 2 structures | intermediate |
| on the same side of the body as another structure | ipsilateral |
| on the opposite side of the body from another structure | contralateral |
| nearer to the attachment of limb to the trunk; nearer to the orgin of a structure | proximal |
| farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; father from the origination of a structure | distal |
| toward or on the surface of the body | superficial |
| away from the surface of the body | deep |
| the heart is _________ to the liver | superior |
| the stomach is _________ to the lungs | inferior |
| the sternum is __________ to the heart | anterior |
| the esophagus is ___________ to the trachea | posterior |
| the ulna is _________ to the radius | medial |
| the lungs are ___________ to the heart | lateral |
| the transeverse colon is _____________ between the ascending and descending colon | intermediate |
| the gallbladder and ascending colon are _____________ | ipsilateral |
| the ascending and descending colons are ____________ | contralateral |
| the humerus is __________ to the radius | proximal |
| the phalanges are _________ to the carpals | distal |
| the ribs are _____________ to the lungs | superficial |
| the ribs are ___________ to the skin of the chest and back | deep |
| vertical planes that divides the body or an organ into right and left sides | sagittal plane |
| when a plane passes through the midline of the body and divides it into equal right and left sides | parasagittal plane |
| divides the body or an organ into anterior and posterior portions | frontal or coronal plane |
| divides the body or an organ into superior and inferior portions | transverse plane |
| passes through the body or an organ at an angle | oblique plane |
| one flat surface of a 3-D structure or a cut along a plane | section |
| are spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs | body cavities |
| formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain | cranial cavity |
| formed by the vetebral column and contains the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves | vetebral cavity |
| contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum | thoracic cavity |
| each surrounds a lung; the serous membrane of these cavities is the pleura | pleural cavity |
| surrounds the heart; the serous membrane of this cavity is the pericardium | pericardial cavity |
| central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vetebral column and from neck to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels | mediastinum |
| subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities | abdominopelvic cavity |
| contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the this cavity is the peritoneum | abdominal cavity |
| contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction | pelvic cavity |
| top horizontal line, drawn just inferior to the rib cage, across the inferior portion of the stomach | subcostal line |
| bottom horizontal line, just inferior to the tops of the hip bones | transtubercular line |
| two vertical lines, the left and right, are drawn through the midpoints of the clavicles, just medial to the nipples | midclavicular lines |
| what are the names of the abdominopelvic regions? | right/left hypochondriac, right/left lumbar, right/left illiac/ hypogastic, epigastric, umbilical |
| organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities | viscera |
| allow visualization of internal structures to diagnose abnormal anatomy and deviations from normal physiology | medical imaging |
| components: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands | integumentary system |
| functions: protects the body, helps regulate body temperature; eliminates some wastes; helps make vitamin D; and detects sensations such as touch pain, warmth and cold | integumentary system |
| components: bones, joints, cartilage | skeletal system |
| functions: supports and protects the body; provides a surface area for muscle attachments; aids body movements; houses cells that produce blood cells; stores minerals and lipids (fats) | skeletal system |
| components: muscles composed of skeletal muscle tissue | muscular system |
| functions: produces body movements, such as walking; stabalizes body position (posture); generates heat | muscular system |
| components: brain, nerves, spinal cord, eyes, ears | nervous system |
| functions: generates action potentials to regulate body activities; detects changes in the body's internal and external environment, interprets the changes, and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions | nervous system |
| components:hormone-producing glands (pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thymus, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes) | endocrine system |
| functions: regulates body activities by releasing hormones, which are chemical messengers transported in blood from an endocrine gland to a target organ | endocrine system |
| components: lymphatic fluid and vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, tonsils | lymphatic system |
| functions: returns proteins and fluid to blood; carries lipids from gastrointestinal tract to blood; includes structures where lymphocytes that protect against disease causing microbes mature and proliferate | lymphatic system |
| components: blood, heart, blood vessels | cardiovascular system |
| functions: heart pumps blood through blood vessels, blood components help defend against disease and ment damaged blood vessels | cardiovascular system |
| components: lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes | respiratory system |
| functions: transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air; helps regulate acid-base balance of body fluids; air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords produces sounds | respiratory system |
| components: organs of gastroinstestinal tract, a long ube that includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas | digestive system |
| functions: achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food; absorbs nutrients; eliminates solid wastes | digestive system |
| components: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra | urinary system |
| functions: produces, stores, and elimates urine; elminates wastes and regulates volume and chemical composition of blood; helps maintain the acid-base balance of body fluids; maintains body's mineral balance; helps regulate production of red blood cells | urinary system |
| components: gonads and associated organs | reproductive system |
| functions: gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism; gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes; associated organs transport and store gametes | reproductive system |
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hdungo23
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