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Anatomic kinesiology
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Functional Anatomy
Joints and Bone Characteristics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Kinesiology | study of motion or human movement |
| Anatomic kinesiology | study of human musculoskeletal system & musculotendinous system |
| Biomechanics | application of mechanical physics to human motion |
| Structural Kinesiology | study of muscles as they are involved in science of movement |
| Anatomical Position and the difference b/w anatomical and fundamental | Anatomical position : standing upright, facing forward, feet parallel and close, and palms facing forward Fundamental: same except arms are at sides and palms facing the body |
| Anterior | Front |
| Posterior | Back |
| Inferior | Below |
| Superior | Above |
| posterolateral | behind & to one side (specifically to the outside) |
| anteromedial | in front & towards the inner side/midline |
| contralateral | pertaining to or relating to the opposite side |
| ipsilateral | on the same side |
| bilateral | relating to the left and right sides of the body |
| distal | situated away from the center of the body |
| proximal | nearest the body |
| lateral | on or to the side |
| caudal | below in relation to another structure; inferior |
| cephalic | above in relation to another structure; superior |
| deep | beneath or below the surface - used to describe muscles/tissue location |
| superficial | near the surface; used to describe relative depth of muscle/tissue |
| prone | the body lying face downward; on one's stomach |
| supine | body lying facing upward; lying on one's back |
| dorsal | relating to the back; being located near, on or towards the posterior part |
| ventral | relating to the belly or abdomen |
| volar | relating to palm of the hand or the sole of the foot |
| plantar | relating to the sole or undersurface of the foot |
| axial (3 parts) | cephalic (head), cervical (neck), trunk |
| appendicular | upper limbs, lower limbs |
| sagittal plane | divides body into left and right halves |
| frontal plane | divides the body into front and back halves |
| transverse plane | divides body into top and bottom half |
| coronal axis | runs mediolateral, 90 degree angle with the sagittal plane, same orientation as frontal plane |
| anteroposterior axis | same orientation as the sagittal plane, runs front to back |
| What movements use the coronal axis? | flexion/extension |
| What movements use the anteroposterior axis? | abduction/adduction |
| vertical axis | runs down through the head, right angle to the transverse plane |
| what movements use vertical axis? | internal/external rotation |
| How many bones in the human body? | 206 |
| How many bones in the axial skeleton versus the appendicular skeleton? | 80 axial bones, 126 appendicular bones |
| What are the 5 functions of the skeleton? | 1. Protection of the heart, lungs, organs 2. Support to maintain posture 3. Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles 4. mineral storage (calcium/phosphorus) 5. hemopoiesis - process of blood cell formation in red blood marrow |
| What are the 5 types of bones? | long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid |
| what type of bone contains the medullary canal? | long bones ex. phalanges, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna |
| What bones are small and cubical shaped? | Short bones ex. carpals and tarsals |
| Which bones usually have a curved surface? | flat bones ex. sternum, scapula |
| What are examples of irregular bones | entire spine, pubis, and maxilla |
| Which bones are small bones embedded in the tendons and provide protection as well as mechanical advantage? | sesamoid bones ex. patella |
| Diaphysis | long cylindrical shaft of bone |
| cortex | hard, dense, compact bone that forms walls of diaphysis |
| Periosteum | dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis |
| endosteum | fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex |
| medullary cavity | b/w walls of diaphysis, contains yellow or fatty marrow |
| epiphysis | ends of long bones formed from spongy bone |
| epiphyseal plate | growth plate - thin plate of cartilage that separates diaphysis and epiphyses |
| articular cartilage | covers the epiphysis to provide cushioning and reduce friction |
| endochondral bones | bones which develop from hyaline cartilage; grow rapdily into the structures shaped similarly to the bones they will become |
| when does longitudinal growth stop? | when the epiphyseal plates disappear and close |
| osteoblasts | from new bone |
| osteoclasts | "clean up crew" - break down/resorb old bones |
| What is the breakdown of bone weight | 60-70% bone weight - calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate 25-30% water |
| What is the point of collagen? | provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension |
| What causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness? | aging |
| What is most outer bone made up of? | cortical bone |
| Which type of bone has higher porosity? | cancellous/spongy |
| Bones reshape themselves based upon what? | stresses placed upon them |
| bone mass increases over time with what? | increased stress |
| Which type of bone is stifffer? Which type can withstand more strain? | Cortical is stiffer, but Cancellous can undergo greater strength |
| What are the two main types of bone markings? | Processes and Cavities |
| Articulation | connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between the surfaces of the bones |
| What are the 3 major classifications of joints? | Synarthrodial, Amphiarthrodial, Diarthrodial |
| synarthrodial joint | immovable joint (ex. skull sutures) |
| syndesmosis | two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones ex. tibiofibular joint |
| ampiarthrodial joint | slightly moveable (syndesmosis, synchonrosis, symphsis) |
| synchrondosis | joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows slight movement between the bones (ribs) |
| symphysis | joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows slight movement (pelvis) |
| diarthrodial joints | synovial joints; freely moveable, composed of a sleevelike joint capsule (cartilage) and secretes synovial fluid to lubricate the joint cavity |
| how many planes of motion do diarthrodial joints have motion in | 1 or more |
| arthrodial joints | gliding joints; consist of 2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other, little motion possible (ex. spine, intercarpal joints) |
| ginglymus joint | hinge joint; uniaxial articulation. only motion in one plane (ex. knee, elbow) |
| trochoid joint | pivot joint; uniaxial proximal and distal rasial-ulnar joints |
| condyloid joint | knuckle joint; ball and socket 2nd-5th metacarpals |
| enarthrodial joint | multiaxial/triaxial ball and socket joint ex. hip/shoulder |
| motions of the enarthrodial joints | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, rotation, (circumduction) |
| motions of the condyloid joint | flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction) |
| motions of the arthrodial joint | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, & rotation, (circumduction) |
| sellar joint **** | saddle joint; triaxial joint, two repciprically concave and convex articular surfaces |
| motions of the sellar joint | Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction & slight rotation |
| physiological movements | flexion, extension, abduction, adduction & rotation occur by bones moving through planes of motion about an axis of rotation at a joint |
| accessory motions | spin, glide, & roll |
| spin | a single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another point on another articular surface |
| roll | a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface |
| glide | slide; a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface |
| can physiological motion occur if accessory motion is prevented? | no, unless by joint compression or distraction |
| which two motions must occur together to some extent? | glide and roll |
Created by:
moodym
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