Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Study Guide #3
A&P 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Innermost layer of a blood vessel | Tunica Intima |
| Tunica Intima is made of | Endothelium - a thin layer of epithelial cells lining the inside of the blood vessels |
| Purpose of Endothelium plays in blood vessel | keeps blood from sticking |
| Middle layer of a blood vessel | Tunica Media |
| Tunica Media is made of | smooth muscle and elastic fibers |
| Thickest layer of an artery | Tunica Media |
| Outermost layer of a blood vessel | Tunica Externa (Adventitia) |
| Tunica Externa is made of | smooth muscle and collagen fibers |
| Thickest layer in a vein | tunica externa (adventitia) |
| Where are continuous capillaries found? | anywhere you don't want leaks (abundant in skin and muscles) |
| Where are Fenestrated Capillaries found? | anywhere you want fluid/nutrient exchange to occur (Small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys) |
| Where are Sinusoidal Capillaries found? | anywhere you want blood cells to move (liver, bone marrow, spleen) |
| What is local blood flow? | it is the blood delivered locally to the capillaries of a specific tissue and is measured in milliliters per minute. |
| What is peripheral resistance? | this term is typically used when discussing the resistance of blood in the blood vessels (as opposed to the resistance of blood in the heart) |
| Mean Arterial Pressure | the average measure of the blood pressure forces on the arteries. distolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
| Systolic pressure | the highest blood pressure generated in arteries is during ventricular systole when the artery is maximally stretched. |
| diastolic pressure | the lowest pressure is during ventricle diastole when the artery recoils no further |
| pulse pressure | is the additional pressure placed on the arteries from when the heart is resting (diastolic pressure) to when the heart is contracting (systolic blood pressure) |
| Lumen Diameter Artery vs. Vein | A:Narrower than vein lumen V:Wider than arter lumen |
| General Wall Thickness Artery vs. Vein | A:Thicker than vein V:Thinner than artery |
| Cross-Sectional Shape Artery vs. Vein | A:Retains its circular c/s shape V:c/s tends to collapse if no blood in vein |
| Thickest Tunic Artery vs. Vein | A:Tunica Media V:Tunica Externa |
| Elastic and Collagen Fibers in Tunics Artery vs. Vein | A:More than in vein V:Less than in artery |
| Valves Artery vs. Vein | A:None V:Present in most veins |
| Blood Pressure Range Artery vs. Vein | A:higher than in veins V:lower than in arteries |
| Blood Flow Artery vs. Vein | A:Transports blood away from heart to the body V:Transports blood from the body to the heart |
| Blood Oxygen Levels Artery vs. Vein | A:systemic arteries carry blood in high in O2 pulmonary arteries carry blood low in O2 V:systemic veins carry blood low in O2 pulmonary veins carry blood high in O2 |
| Branches of the Aortic Arch | B: Brachiocephalic Trunk C: Common Coratid S: Subclavian |
| What is vasodilation? | relaxation of the smooth muscle, or widening of the blood vessel lumen |
| Vasodilation of arterioles and relaxation of precapillary sphincters occur in response to: | -declining tissue O2 -Substances from metabolically active tissues (H+, K+, adenosine, an dprostaglandins) and inflammatory chemicals |
| Effects of Metabolic vasodilation: | -relaxation of vascular smooth muscle -release of Nitric Oxide from vascular endothelial cells -Nitric Oxide is the major factor causing vasodilation -Vasoconstriction is due to sympathetic stimulation & endothelins |
| As diameter of vessels decreases the total cross-sectional area: | increases and velocity of blood flow decreases -much like a stream that flows rapidly through a narrow gorge but flows slowly through a broad plane. |
| Calculation for Net Filtration Pressure | (HPb-HPif)-(COPb-COPif) HP=Hydrostatic Pressure if=interstitial fluid COP=Colloid osmotic pressure b=blood |
| Hydrostatic Pressure: | the physical force exerted by a fluid on a structure |
| colloid osmotic pressure | the pull of water back into a tissue by the tissue's concentration of proteins |
| the artery auscultated to measure blood pressure | brachial artery |
| Vein that is most commonly used to draw blood from the upper extremity | median cubital vein |
| Blood Vessel sometimes utilized to form a new coronary vessel surgically: | Great Saphenous Vein |
| 6 hormones produced by Anterior Pituitary Gland: | -Growth Hormone (GH) -Thyroid-Stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin -Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)Adrenal Cortex -Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) -Luteinizing Hormone (LH) -Prolactin (PRL) |
| Anatomy of the Thyroid: | -2 lateral lobes connected by isthmus -Composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein thryoglobulin -Colloid fills the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of thyroid hormone -parafollicular cells produce the hormone calcitonin |
| Colloid: | thyroglobulin + iodine |
| Hormone directly responsible for the production of RBCs | erythropoietin |
| Function of Growth Hormone | -stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce insulin-like growth factors -mobilizes fats, elevates blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake and encouraging glycogen breakdown (anti-insulin effect of GH) |
| Up-Regulation | target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone increase H> R< |
| Down-Regulation | target cells lose receptors in response to the hormones decrease H< R> |
| Hormones secreted by the Hypothalamus: | anything with RELEASING or INHIBITING in its name |
| Permissiveness | one hormone cannot exert its effects withour another hormone being present (thyroid hormone and epinephrine) |
| Synergism | more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell (FSH and LH) |
| Antagonism | one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone (GnRH blockers, sex change) |
| Glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to glucose |
| Gluconegenesis | synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates |
| Glycogenesis | the synthesis of glycogen from glucose obtained from the blood |
| Hormone responsible for milk production | Prolactin |
| Calcitonin | decreases blood calcium levels -stimulate ostiColastic (borrows calcium, never gives it back) |
| Parathyroid hormone | increases blood calcium levels -stimulate osteoBlastic |
| hormones of the adrenal gland (adrenal medulla) | epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| hormones of the adrenal gland (adrenal cortex) | aldosterone, cortisol, androgens |
| epinephrine/norepinephrine | prolong fight-or-flight response (symathetic) |
| aldosterone | regulate blood sodium and potassium levels |
| cortisol | participate in stress response |
| androgens | stimulates maturation and functioning of reproductive system |
| Pathway of air through the respiratory system | 1. nose 2. nasopharynx 3. oropharynx 4. laryngopharynx 5. larynx 6. trachea 7. main bronchi 8. lobar bronchi 9. segmental bronchi 10.terminal bronchioles 11. respiratory bronchioles 12. alveolar ducts 13. alveolar sacs |
| location of laryngeal prominence (adam's apple) | V-shaped anterior projection of the thyroid cartilage |
| Voice Production | Speech: intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis Pitch: determined by the length and tension of the vocal cords Volume: depends upon the force of air |
| Voice Production | -Chambers of pharynx, oral, nasal, and sinus cavities amplify and enhance sound quality -sound is "shaped" into language by muscles of the pharynx, tongue, soft palate, and lips |
| Intrapulmonary Pressure (Ppul) | -pressure in the alveoli -fluctuates with breathing -always eventually equalizes with Patm |
| Intrapleural Pressure (Pip) | -pressure in the pleural cavity -fluctuates with breathing -always a negative pressure (<Patm & <Ppul) |
| Boyles's law | -the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas -pressure (P) varies inversely with volume (V) P1/V1 = P2/V2 |
| Surfactant | -detergent-like lipid and protein complex produced by type II alveolar cells -reduces surface tension of alveolar fluid and discourages alveolar collapse -insufficient quantity in premature infants causes infant respiratory distress syndrome |
| Structures of the respiratory zone | -respiratory bronchioles -alveolar ducts -alveoli |
| which album is the best release by tool | Lateralus |
Created by:
rebeccamac22
Popular Anatomy sets