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Intro to Bone
Bone Introduction
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Skeletal System is composed of________? | Bones, Cartilage, and Ligaments. |
| ________ hold bones together at the joints. | Ligaments |
| ________ are similar to ligaments- but attach muscle to bones. | Tendons (Dense Regular Connective tissue) |
| Skeletal Function 'Support':________ | Supports body upright and provides shape to body. |
| Skeletal function 'Movement':________ | Skeletal muscles attach to bone to produce movement. |
| Skeletal function 'Protection':________ | Protects organs from injury.example: Skull/Brain, Ribs/Lungs |
| Skeletal function 'Blood Formation':_______ | 'Red Bone Marrow'- major producer of blood cells. |
| Skeletal function '_________': stores calcium and phosphate - and releases them when needed. | 'Electrolyte Balance' |
| Skeletal Function '_________': bone buffers the blood against excessive pH changes. | 'Acid-base balance' |
| Skeletal function 'Detoxification':________ | Bone tissue removes heavy metals and other foreign elements from the blood. |
| Bone or osseous tissue is a _________ tissue. | Connective |
| ______ is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals. | Matrix |
| The hardening process of bone(s) matrix is called? | Mineralization or Calcification. |
| Long Bones: cylindrical in shape and significantly longer than they are wide. Example:_______ | Femur, Radius, and Ulna. |
| Short Bones: nearly equal in length and width, limited motion, usually glide next to one another. Example? | Talus (ankle joint) and Carpals (wrist bones). |
| Flat Bones: enclose and protect organs- providing broad surface(s) for muscle attachment. Example? | Scapula (protects ribs) and Sternum (protects heart and lungs) |
| Irregular Bones: elaborate shapes... Example? | Sphenoid bone and Vertebrae |
| _________ is the outer shell of dense white osseous tissue. | Compact (dense) bone |
| Compact bone encloses ________, which is a more loosely organized form of bone. | Spongy (cancellous) bone |
| _______-shaft, cylinder of compact bone enclosing a space called the medullary cavity. | Diaphysis |
| _______ is the expanded head(s) of bones- providing surface area for ligament & tendon attachments- filled w/ spongy bone. | Epiphysis |
| Medullary cavity is filled with_______? | Bone Marrow |
| _________is found in children and adolescents and is made up of hylaine cartilage separating the marrow spaces of the epiphysis and diaphysis. | Epiphyseal Plate |
| The epiphyseal _____ occurs in the bone after mature growth. | line |
| The sheath of tissue that surrounds the bone that has a tough outer fibrous layer of collagen is called the _____? | Periosteum |
| Blood vessels of the periosteum are called ______? | Nutrient Arteries |
| The thin layer that lines the internal surface of bone is the _______? | Endosteum |
| What kind of cartilage is located at the ends of adjoining bones in most joints? | Articular or Hyaline cartilage. |
| In the skull- the spongy layer between the two layers of compact bone is called the _____? | Diploe (it absorbs shock - so the inner layer of compact bone isn't damaged) |
| Osseous Tissue (connective bone tissue) is made up of_____, _____, and _____ ? | Cells, fibers, and ground substance. |
| The ________ cells are the stem cells found in the endosteum, inner layer of the periosteum, and within the central canals of the osteon. | Osteogenic cells (the only cells that undergo mitosis). |
| the bone forming cells that synthesize the organic matter and help to mineralize bone are_______. | Osteoblasts (responds to stress on bone by accelerating the mitosis of osteogenic cells- resulting in an increase of osteoblasts). Non-mitotic |
| Former osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix are______? | Osteocytes |
| Osteocytes live in tiny cavities called______? | Lacunae |
| The cells within a bone that are called the strain sensors are the _______? | Osteocytes |
| The ____ ____ of the osteocytes connect to each other via gap junctions, allowing them to pass nutrients and chemical signals to each other. | Cytoplasmic Process |
| The bone dissolving macrophages found on the bones surface are _________. They are formed when several stem cells fuse together and are unusually large cells. | Osteoclasts |
| Osteoclasts are stimulated by :1.2.3.4. | 1. lack of bone stress and movement(bed rest,brace/cast) 2. Steroid drugs 3. Decreased estrogen or testosterone. 4. Anti-estrogen drugs( used to prevent and fight breast cancer). |
| Bone Matrix is made up of 1/3________material and 2/3_______material. This combo allows bone strength and flexibility. | Organic material(collagen, protein-carbohydrate) and inorganic material. |
| ________in bone gives it the ability to resist tension. | Collagen |
| ______ ______ are layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal. | Concentric lamellae |
| ______ canal contains blood vessels and nerves and runs proximal-distal within the bone. | Central Canal |
| Central canal and its concentric lamellae form an ______. The basic structural unit of compact bone. | Osteon |
| ________ are tiny cavities that house the osteocytes. They lie between the adjacent layers of the matrix. | Lacunae |
| The inner and outer boundaries of compact bone are arranged in ______ _______ that run parallel to the bone surface. | Circumferential Lamellae |
| Between osteons, you can find irregular patches of ______ ______- remains of old osteons that have broken down as the bone grew. | Interstitial Lamellae |
| Spongy bone consists of thin plates called _____, and rods and spines called ______? | Trabeculae and Spicules |
| Bone Marrow is a soft tissue that occupies: 1.______ 2.______ 3.______ | 1. the medullary cavity of a long bone. 2. the spaces within the trabeculae of spongy bone. 3. and the larger central canals. |
| ________ is a hemopoitic tissue- which produces red blood cells. | Red bone marrow |
| With age, the red bone marrow is gradually replaced with the fatty _______. | Yellow bone marrow |
| By early adulthood, red bone marrow is limited to : 1._____ 2._____ 3._____ 4._____ 5._____ | 1. vertebrae 2. sternum 3. ribs 4. pectoral and pelvic girdle 5. proximal heads of femur and humerus |
| Formation of bone is called _______ or _______. | Ossification(fetal skulls) or Osteogenesis(undergoes mitosis). |
| Two methods of ossification and osteogenesis are_______ and _______. | Endochondral Ossification and Intramembranous Ossification. |
| The formation of long bones is_________, which is the process by which bone develops from hyaline cartilage. | Endochondral Ossification |
| The process that produces the flat bones of the skull and most of the clavicle is_____. | Intramembranous Ossification |
| Cartilage grows by what two mechanisms? | 1. Interstitial growth (adding more matrix internally) 2. Appositional growth (adding more to the surface) |
| _________ growth at the epiphyseal plate adds length to bones and mature bones grow only with _______ growth. | Interstitial growth and Appositional growth |
| Name 5 factors that Promote Bone Deposition. | 1. calcium and phosphate- raw materials for ground substance 2. Vitamin C - promotes linking of collagen and other connective tissues. 2.Vitamin D - for calcium absorption. 3.Growth Hormone - promotes intestinal absorption of calcium 4. Sex Steroids |
| Name 1 factor that promotes Bone Resorption. | Parathyroid hormone- is released in response to low blood calcium to promote osteoclasts. |
| _________ is the loss of bone that is severe enough to compromise physical activity and health. | Osteoporosis (porous bones) |
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Anniemal
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