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Anatomy 1.5
Blood Vessels & Blood
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Arteries | Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heard and conveys it toward the tissues. |
| Tunics | The layers of an artery are vein. |
| Lumen | The hollow inner core of an artery through which blood flows. |
| What kind of blood do arteries convey? | Oxygenated blood (also called aerated blood or arterial blood) |
| What kind of arteries do not carry oxygenated blood? | Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated (or venous) blood rather than oxygenated blood. |
| What are the three Tunics (also called coats or layers) of an artery? | Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Adventitia. |
| Tunica Intima or Interna | This is the inner layer of the artery. It is composed of a lining of endothelium. |
| Tunica Media | This is the middle layer of the artery. It is composed of smooth muscles and elastic fibers. This is usually the thickest layer. |
| Tunica Adventitia or Externa | This is the outer layer of the artery. It is composed mainly of fibrous connective tissue and elastic fibers. It helps hold vessels open & prevents tearing of the vessel walls during body movement. |
| What does Endothelium do? | This Endothelial tissue is a continuous layer of cells which lines the entire inner surface of the cardiovascular system (heart & all blood vessels). |
| What are the two size classifications of arteries? | Large & medium sized. |
| Large Sized, Elastic or Conducting Arteries | Larger in diameter than the medium arteries. These arteries conduct blood to the muscular arteries. The Tunica Media contains more elastic fibers & less smooth muscle. |
| What are some examples of Conducting Arteries? | The aorta and it's large branches, the innominate, the common carotid, the subclavian, and the common iliac arteries. |
| Medium Size, Muscular or Distributing Arteries | These arteries distribute blood to the various parts of the body. The Tunica Media contains more smooth muscle & less elastic tissue. |
| What are some examples of Distributing Arteries? | The axillary, brachial, radial, intercostal, mesenteric, popliteal, anterior and posterior tibial arteries. |
| Arterioles | Very small, almost microscopic arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries. These are considered the terminal branches of an artery. |
| Vaso-Constriction | A decrease in the size of the lumen by the constricting of the smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel. |
| Vaso-Dilatation | An increase in the size of the lumen by the relaxation of the smooth muscle in the wall of the vessel. |
| Which size artery is more capable of vaso-constriction and vaso-dilatation | The medium sized arteries are capable of greater constriction and dilatation due to the arteries containing more smooth muscle. |
| Venules | Small veins that collect blood from the capillaries and drain it into the veins. |
| Veins | Blood vessels which convey blood away from the tissues and returns blood back to the heart. Generally veins carry venous or deoxygenated blood. |
| What kind of vein carries oxygenated (arterial or aerated) blood? | The Pulmonary Vein is the exception to the rule and carries oxygenated blood. |
| What are the three tunics of the venules? | Tunica intima: composed of endothelium; tunica media: has only a few scattered smooth muscle fibers; tunica adventitia: found only in larger venules. |
| How do the tunica of veins differ from the tunica of arteries? | The tunica media of veins are thinner than in arteries and they contain relatively little smooth muscle and elastic fibers. |
| What are the two sets of veins in the extremities? | There are superficial and deep sets of veins in the extremities. |
| What do the valves in veins do? | These valves prevent blood from circulation backwards. |
| Do veins run parallel or perpendicular to arteries? | The run parallel. |
| Tributaries | Something smaller which flows into something larger. |
| Vaso Vasorum | Blood vessels which supply blood vessels. They penetrate the tunica adventitia and the deeper tunica media of the larger vessels (arteries and veins). |
| Anastomosis | The union of branches of two or more arteries which supply the same body region. Also referred to as an end union or joining together of blood vessels. |
| What is the natural communication between two vessels? | Anastomosis |
| What is the most common example of anastomosis? | The "Circle of Willis" of the brain. |
| What provides alternate routes for blood to reach a tissue or organ? | An anastomosis between arteries. |
| Collateral Circulation | An alternate route to a body part through an anastomosis. Circulation of blood through a secondary channel, in order to bypass an obstruction in the main channel. |
| Venae Comitantes | Accompany Veins. Refers to two or more veins which accompany an artery, usually present with the deep arteries of the extremities. |
| Bifurcation | The splitting into two branches. |
| Trifurcation | The splitting into three branches. |
| The average body contains how much blood? | Approximately 5 quarts. |
| What is the viscosity of blood compared to water? | The viscosity of blood is approximately 4.5-5.5 times the viscosity of water. |
| What is the pH of blood? | Blood has a pH between 7.35 and 7.45, making it slightly alkaline or base. |
| Why is the pH of blood important? | The pH of blood (between 7.35 and 7.45) is important because most of the enzymes in our body function best at this same range. |
| What is pH? | A scale which measures whether something is an acid or a base/alkaline. |
| What are the two portions of whole blood? | 1) formed elements/corpuscles, 2) plasma |
| Plasma | The liquid portion of whole blood. Makes up %55 of the volume of blood. |
| Formed elements/corpuscles | The solid portion of whole blood. Makes up %45 of the volume of blood. |
| Capillaries | Microscopic vessels that carry blood from the arterioles to the venules. Their function is to permit the exchange of nutrients (oxygen) and wastes (carbon dioxide) between blood & tissue cells. |
| What are the function of the blood related to transportation? | Blood transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, wastes, hormones (responsibility of the red blood cells). |
| What is the function of the blood related to temperature? | The blood regulates the body temperature by removing heat from active areas such as the skeletal muscles and transporting it to other areas of the body. |
| What is the average temperature of blood? | 100.4 slightly higher than the body temperature of 98.6. |
| What is the function of the blood related to pH? | Blood contains buffers to control pH, so that plasma can resist any change in pH. |
| What is the function of the blood related to water? | Blood maintains water balance and a constant environment for tissue cells. |
| What is the function of blood related to disease and infection? | Blood defends again disease and infection. This is the reponsibility of the white blood cells. |
| What is the function of the blood related to hemorrhaging? | Blood prevents hemorrhage which is accomplished by our platelets or thrombocytes. |
| Erythrocytes | Red blood cells. Biconcave in shape, life span of 120 days |
| oxy-hemoglobin | This is formed when oxygen combines with hemoglobin. This occurs in the capillaries of the lungs. |
| carbamino-hemoglobin | This is formed when carbon dioxide combines with hemoglobin. This occurs when oxy-hemoglobin is in the capillaries of the tissues, oxygen is released and carbon dioxide is picked up by the hemoglobin molecule. |
| carboxyhemoglobin | This is formed when carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin. When it is formed, it deprives the red blood cells of oxygen. |
| heme | The non-protein portion of hemoglobin which contains iron and is responsible for making blood red. |
| globin | The protein portion of hemoglobin. |
| What are the two factors or portions of hemoglobin? | heme, which is the non-protein portion, and globin which is the protein portion. |
| Which factor in hemoglobin makes the blood red? | heme does, it is the part that contains iron. |
| Erythopoiesis | The process of producing red blood cells. |
| Leucocytes | white blood cells. These have a nucleus but no hemoglobin. They help our body fight against infection. |
| What are two main groups of leucocytes? | granulocytes and agranulocytes. |
| Granulocytes | White blood cells which have granules in the cytoplasm which are visible under a microscope. These blood cells develop in red bone marrow. |
| Agranulocytes | White blood cells which have granules that are NOT visible under a light microscope. |
| Myeloid tissue | Red bone marrow |
| What are the three types of Granulocytes? | neutrophils or polymorphonuclear, eosinophils or acidophils, and basophils |
| What are the two types of Agranulocytes? | lymphocytes and monocytes |
| Neutrophils/polymorphonuclear leukocytes | These granulocytes are the most abundant of all white blood cells. They digest harmful bacteria. |
| Eosinophils or Acidophils | These granulocytes increase in number in allergic conditions. They release histamines. |
| Basophils | The granulocytes increase during chronic infections and during the healing process from an infection. |
| Lymphocytes | These agranulocytes develop from lymphoid tissue. They increase when you have a viral infection and they help form antibodies at the site of inflammation. |
| Monocytes | These agranulocytes develop in myeloid tissue. They digest cellular debris and foreign particles. They are the clean up crew. |
| Diapedesis | This is the process by which leukocytes can leave the blood stream through an unbroken capillary wall. |
| Phagocytes | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and monocytes are all phagocytes. They have the ability to engulf and digest harmful foreign substances. |
| Thrombocytes or Platelets | These are the smallest of the formed elements. They do not have a nucleus and they develop in the red bone marrow. They help in the clotting process. |
| What formed elements help to form clots? | Thrombocytes or platelets |
| Erythrocytosis | An increase in the number of red blood cells. |
| Erythropenia or erythrocytopenia | A decrease in the number of red blood cells. |
| Leucocytosis | An increase in white blood cells. |
| Leucopenia or leucocytopenia | A decrease in the number of white blood cells. |
| Thrombocytosis | An increase in the number of thrombocytes. |
| Thrombopenia or thrombocytopenia | A decrease in the number of thrombocytes (platelets) |
| "osis" | increase |
| "penia" | decrease |
| Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis | The formation or production of blood (in general). |
| Leucopoiesis or leukopoiesis | The formation of white blood cells. |
| Thrombopoiesis | The formation of thrombocytes. |
| Serum | The plasma minus the clotting proteins. The fluid which remains after a blood clot has formed. |
| Plasma | This is the amber colored portion of blood which is left over after the formed elements are removed from blood. "stream in which blood cells travel" |
| What does plasma carry? | In addition to carrying blood, plasma carries nutrients, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins (clotting factors), hormones, and proteins. |
| What are the components of plasma? | water, proteins, salts, lipids, glucose. |
| What percentage of plasma is water? | 92% |
| What percentage of plasma is proteins? | 6-8% |
| What are the proteins in plasma? | serum albumin, serum globulin, fibrinogen |
| Coagulation | The process of blood clotting or clot formation. |
| What are the substances which promote clotting? | thromboplastin (thrombokinase or cephalin), prothrombin, calcium, fibrinogen, vitamin K. |
| What are the substances which inhibit clotting? | antithrombin, antiprothrombin (heparin) |
| Fibrin | A thread of gel-like substance which forms over a cut which entraps blood and forms a clot. |
| What is the yellow junk that oozes out of a cut after it begins to scab? | Serum, the fluid which remains after a blood clot has formed! |
| Granulocytes end in what suffix? | phils |
| Agranulocytes end in what suffix? | -cytes |
| Does calcium inhibit or promote clotting? | Calcium promotes clotting. |
| Does vitamin K promote or inhibit clotting? | Vitamin K promotes clotting. |
| Does heparin promote or inhibit clotting? | Heparin inhibits clotting. |
| "poiesis" | formation or production |
Created by:
kellyrb
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