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Joint (articulation)
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Structural classification
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Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Joint (articulation) | site where two or more bones meet andenable movement |
| Structural classification | bases on how bony regions are separated |
| Fibrous joints | fibrous tissue |
| Cartilaginous joints | cartilage |
| Synovial joints | joint cavity |
| How are Joints Classified | By the type of tissue that binds them together and also by grouped according to the range of movement possible at the junctions betweenbones. |
| Functional classification | degree of movement |
| Synarthrosis | immovable jointsEx. Suture between the bones of the skull |
| Amphiarthrosis | slightly movable jointsEx. Joints between the pubic bones of the pelvis & vertebrae |
| Diarthrosis | freely movable joints |
| Fibrous Joints | Bones united by fibrous tissue - 3 types:a. Syndesmosisb. Suturec. Gomphosis |
| Syndesmosis | Bones bound by interosseous ligament- ampthriarthoric |
| Suture | Between the flat bones of skull only- sutural ligaments- synarthrotic |
| Gomphosis | Formed by union of cone-shaped bony process in a bony socket-synarthrotic |
| Periodontal ligament | root to tooth fastened to the jawbone |
| Cartilaginous joints | Hyaline of fibrocartilage unite bonesTwo Types:a. Synchondrosisb. Symphysis |
| Synchondrosis | Hyaline cartilage untie bones-Temporary- cartilage band- epiphyseal plate-Permantet- between manubrium & 1st rib-Synarthrotic |
| Symphysis | Articular surface covered by thin hyaline and fibrocartilage-Symphysis pubis (pelvis) & intervertebral disks (amphiarthrotic) |
| Synovial Joints | Most jointsAllow free movement - diarthroticConsist of:- Articular cartilage- Joint cavity or capsule - Synovial membrane -secretes synovial fluid |
| General Structure of synovial joint: | - Articular cartilage- Tubular joint capsule- Ligaments- Synovial membrane- Synovial fluid- Menisci- Burase |
| Articular cartilage | Hyaline cartilage at ends of long bones |
| Tubular joint capsule | - 2 layers of dense connective tissue- Holds together bones of synovial joint- Its fibers attach to periosteum |
| Ligaments | - tough collagenous fibers - reinforce joint capsule - bind articular ends- May be inside fibrous layer of capsule or outside- Prevent excessive movement at the joint- Relatively inelastic |
| Synovial membrane | - inner layer of joint capsule - loose connective tissue- Covers all surfaces within joint capsule except articular cartilage- Surrounds synovial cavity, closes sac |
| Synovial fluid | - produced by synovial membrane- lubricates smooth cartilaginous surfaces within joint- Supplies articular cartilage with nutrients |
| Menisci | - Between articular surfaces of some joints- Help cushion and distribute body weight (knee) |
| Bursae | - Sac filled with synovial fluid- Patella of the knee & olecranon process of the elbow- Cushion - Aid in movement of tendons that glide over the bony portion of the joint |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | - autoimmune disease- Affects joints & surrounding muscle, tendons, ligaments, & blood vessels- 10% total disability because of fibrous & bony ankylosis- Affects women 3 times more often then men |
| The 4 Stages of Rhemuatoid Arthritis | Peak onset- 35 to 50 years old1. Synovitis – from congestion & edema2. Pannus – thickened layers & tissues invades joint capsule & bone3. Fibrous ankylosis – scar formation4. Calcification – bony ankylosis – total immobility |
| Osteoarthritis | - wear & tear, obesity, inactivity- Common in hips & knees- Deterioration of joint cartilage |
| Gouty arthritis or gout | high levels of uric acid |
| Scleroderma | skin hardens and thickens |
| Gliding joints | Bone surfaces slide over one another. (Joints in wrist & ankle) |
| Hinge joints | allows movement in one direction changing the angle of the bones at the joint (elbow |
| Pivot joint | allows rotation around length of bones.(Joints between the 1st & 2nd cervical vertebrae) |
| Condyloid | allows movement in 2 directions.(joint b.t wrist & the bones of the forearm) |
| Ball and Sockect | allows movement in many directions around a central point (hip & shoulder) |
| Saddle joint | between the trapezuim and the metacarpal #1 |
| flexion | a decreas in the angle between 2 bonesex.- bending the fingers to close the hand |
| Extension | Straightening motion that increase the angle between bonesex.- straightening the fingers to open the hand |
| Hyperextension | excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical positionex.- bend the hand back |
| Dorsiflexion | bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin ex.- bending the foot upward |
| Plantar flexioin | bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole ex.- bending the foot downward |
| Abduction | moving a part away from the midline |
| Adduction | moving a part toward the midline |
| Supination | turning the hand so the palm is upward |
| Pronation | turning the hand so the palm is downward |
| Eversion | turning the foot so the sole face laterally |
| Inversion | turning the foot so the sole faces medially |
| Protraction | moving a part fowardex.- thrusting the chin foward |
| Retraction | moving a part backwardex.- pulling the chin backward |
| Elevation | raising a partex.- shurring the shoulders |
| Depression | lowering a partex.- drooping the shoulders |
Created by:
drewsgirl
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