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Chapter 2
Membranes, Skin Layers, Muscles, Fractures, Glands
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Mucous Membranes | Line the interior walls of organs and tubes opening to the outside of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. |
| Serous Membranes | Lines cavities, including the thoracic cavities and internal organ's (eg. heart) |
| Synovial Membranes | Line joint cavities and are composed of connective tissue |
| Meninges | Composed of 3 connective tissue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and severe as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. |
| Cutaneous Membrane | Forms the outer covering of the body and consists of a thin outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium attached to a thicker underlying layer of connective tissue. The Cutaneous membrane is skin |
| Stratum Corneum | Also called the horny layer; outermost layer |
| Stratum Lucidun (Palms and soles) | Clear Layer |
| Stratum Granulosum | Granular layer of cells. They accumulate two types of granules; keratohyaline granules and lamellated granules |
| Stratum Spinosum | Composed of prickle cells |
| Stratume Basale (Stratum Germinativum) | Deepest of the five layers, made of basal cells |
| Stratum Papillare | Thin superficial layer interlocked with the epidermis |
| Stratum Reticulare | Thick layer of dense, irregular connective tissue |
| Bones | Long, Tubular (referred to as long bones), Short, Seasmoid (shaped like a sesame seed), Cuboidal (Also referred to as short bones), Flat, Irregular |
| Long Bone | Bones longer than they are wide and found in the limbs (eg. femur and humerus). These bones are named for their elongated shape, not their size |
| Tubular | Also referred to as long |
| Short | Roughly cube-shaped bones such as carpals bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle |
| Sesamoid (" shaped like a sesame seed") | A short bone formed within tendons; cartilaginous in early life and osseous (bony) in the adult. The patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body |
| Cuboidal | Also referred to as a short bone |
| Flat | Consist of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone; cross - section is flat, not rounded. Flat bones have marrow, but lack a bone marrow cavity. Skull and Ribs are examples. |
| Irregular | Bones in the body not fitting into the above categories mentioned; several are found in the face, such as the zygoma. Vertebrae are also considered irregular bones |
| Closed Fracture | Does not involve a break in the skin |
| Compound Fracture | Projects through the skin with a possibility of infection |
| Comminuted Fracture | More than two separate bone components - segmental fracture, bony fragments |
| Transverse Fracture | Breaks shaft bone across the longitudal axis |
| Greenstick Fracture | Only one side of a shaft is broken, and other is bent; common in children |
| Spiral Fracture | Spread along the length of a bone and produced by twisting stress |
| Colle's Frature | Occurs in the wrist and affects the distal radius bone. |
| Compression Fracture | Vertebrae Collapse due to trama, tumor, or osteoporisis |
| Epiphyseal Fracture | Occurs when matrix is calcifying and chondrocytes are dying; usually seen in children |
| Skeletal Muscle | Also called striated muscle , is attached to the skeleton by tendons; contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control |
| Cardiac Muscle | Also called the heart muscle, contains interlocking involuntary striated muscle as well as smooth muscle, which allow the electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers |
| Smooth Muscle | Found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the sizes of these structures; movement generally is considered involuntary (not under voluntary control). |
| Adrenal Glands | Ductless, pyramid-shaped glands are situated on the top of the superior end of each Kidney. 2 structural parts of the adrenal gland.Inner portion is the medulla. Outer portion is the cortex. Medulla secretes epinephrine. Cortex secretes several steroids. |
| Carotid Body | A structure made of epithelial-like cells located on each side of the body at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery. Not a True endocrine structure |
| Parathyroid Gland | Small round bodies located on the posterior of the thyroid gland. Regulate Calcium and phosphorus metabolism |
| Pituitary Gland | Also called Hypophysis cerebi/ Single gland -2 separate parts - Located brain under hypothalamus. |
| Thymus Gland | Composed of lymphoid tissue and located in the mediastinum of the chest. Largest at birth |
| Thyroid Gland | Regulates metabolism and serum calcium levels through secretion of thyroid hormone. |
| White Blood Cells | Leukocytes or WBCS. Body's primary defense |
| Red Blood Cells | Erythrocytes or RBCS. Disked shaped cells containing hemoglobin enabling cells to pick and deliver oxygen to all the parts of the body. Erythrocyte disorders ex- anemia and polycythemia |
| Platelets | Thrombocytes. Form clusters to plug small holes in blood vessels and assist in clotting. |
Created by:
BBracha
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