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A&P Exam 2
Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
| Subject | Answer |
|---|---|
| Integumentary System | Skin |
| Parts of the integument | cutaneous (skin) & accessory structures |
| Size of the integument | largest organ system; 16% body weight |
| Parts of cutaneous membrane | Outer epidermis and inner dermis |
| Outer dermis | superficial epithelium (epithelial tissues) |
| inner dermis | connective tissues |
| Accessory structures to integument | originate in the dermis and extend through epidermis; hair, nails, and multicellular exocrine glands |
| Connections to integument | Circulatory system and nervous system |
| Circulatory system | blood vessels |
| nervous system | sensory receptors for pain, touch, and temperature |
| Subcutaneous layer | supeficial fascia or hypodermis; loose connective tissue, below the dermis |
| Functions of skin | 1) protects underlying tissues and organs 2) excretes salts, water, and organic wastes (glands) 3)maintains body temperature (insulation and evaporation) 4) Synthesizes vitamin D 5)stores lipids 6) detects touch, pressure, pain, and temparature |
| Epidermis | Avascular stratified squamous epithelium; nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis |
| Keratinocytes | most abundant cells in the epidermis |
| Thick Skin | has 5 layers of keratinocytes |
| Think Skin | has 4 layers of keratinocytes |
| Layers of Epidermis | stratum germinativum > stratum spinosum > stratum granulosum > stratum lucidum > stratum corneum |
| Basal lamina | base of skin |
| Characteristics of stratum germinativum | many stem cells (basal cells), attached to basal lamina by hemodemosomes, forms bond between epidermis and dermis |
| Structures of stratum germinativum | Epidermal ridges (fingerprints) and dermal papillae (incrase surface area for grip) |
| Merkel cells | cells of stratum germinativum, found in hairless skin, respond to touch |
| Melanocytes | cells of stratum germinativum, contain melanin |
| characteristics of Stratum Spinosum | spiny layer, 8-10 layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes, are spiny because the cells shrink until cytoskeletons stick out |
| Cells of stratum spinosum | continue to divide increasing thickness of skin, contain kangerhans cells (active in immune) |
| Characteristics of Stratum Granulosum | grainy layer |
| Keratin | produced by stratum granulosum; tough, fibrous protein; makes up hair and nails |
| Keratohyalin | produced by stratum granulosum; dense granules, cross-link keratin fibers |
| Cells of stratum granulosum | produce protein fibers, dehydrate and die, create tightly interlocked layer of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin |
| Stratum Lucidum | clear layer; only in thick skin |
| cells of stratum lucidum | flat, dense, filled with keratin |
| stratum corneum | horn layer bc its is what horns are made of; 15-30 layers of keratinized cells; water resistant; shed and replaced every 2 weeks |
| Keratinization | formation of a lyer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin; occurs everywhere but eyes |
| Skin Life Cycle | 15-30 days to move from stratum germinosum to stratum corneum |
| Insensible perspiration | interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum |
| Sensible perspiration | water excreted by sweat glands |
| Causes of dehydration | water loss through skin due to damage to stratum corneum (burns and blisters) and saltwater |
| Causes of hydration | freshwater (hypotonic)-causes stretching and wrinkling skin |
| Skin color depends on | blood circulation, carotene, and melanin |
| Melanin | yellow-brown or black pigment, produced by melanocytes in stratum germinativum, stored in vesicles (melanosomes), transferred ti jeratubicytes |
| Carotene | orange-yellow, accumulates in epidermal cells and fatty tissue of dermis; can be converted to vitamin A |
| Function of Melanocytes | protects skin from sun damage, produces skin color (depends on melanin production NOT number of melanocytes) |
| UV radiation | causes DNA mutations and burns which lead to cancer and wrinkles |
| How oxygenated red blood cells contribute to skin color | blood vessels dilate from heat, skin reddens/ blood flow decreases, skin pales |
| Cyanosis | bluish skin tint caused by severe reduction in blood flow or oxygenation |
| Jaundice | buildup of bile produced by liver; yellow color |
| Addison's disease | disease of the pituitary gland; skin darkening |
| Vitiligo | loss of melanocyte, loss of color (black to white) |
| Nevus | a mole |
| Hemangioma | capillary malformation (buildup)-birthmarks |
| Angle's Kiss | birthmark located on forehead and eyelids, usually disappear by age 2 |
| stork bite | birthmark on the back of the neck and can last into adulthood |
| infantile hemangioma | most common birthmark; visible in first 2 weeks and grow until 6-9 months and lose color |
| port-wine stain | birthmark also called nevus flammeus, flat, pink, red, or purple mark on face, arm, or leg that continues to grow with the child |
| Vitamin D | also called cholecalciferol and produced by epidermal cells in the presence of UV radiation, converted to calitriol by liver and kidneys to aid absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Insufficient vitamin D causes rickets |
| EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor) | powerful peptide growth factor produced by glands (salivary and duodenum) and use to grow skin grafts. |
| Functions of Epidermal growth factor | promote division of germinative cells, accelerate keratin production, stimulate epidermal repair, and stimulate glandular secretion |
| Functions of the Dermis | Anchors epidermal accessory structures (hair follicles, sweat glands), and has 2 components: outer papillary layer and deep reticular layer |
| The Reticular Layer | Dense irregular tissue; contains larger blood bessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers; contains collagen and elastic fibers; contains connective tissue proper |
| Papillary Layer | consists of areolar tissue; smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons; has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridge |
| Dermatitis | inflammation of the papillary layer; caused by infection, radiation, mechanical irriation, or chemical; itching or pain; strong, due to collagen fibers; elastic due to elastic fibers; flexible (skin turgor) |
| Skin Damage | characterized by sagging and wrinkles caused by dehydration, age, hormonal changes, or UV exposure. |
| Stretch Marks | thickened tissue resulting from thickened tissue resulting from excessive stretching of skin from pregnancy or weight gain |
| Lines of Cleavage | Collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis are arranged in parallel bundles and resist force in a specific direction |
| Pattern of Lines of Cleavage | a parallel cut remains shut, heals well; a cut across pulls open and scars |
| Arteries n Dermis | Cutaneous plexus: a network of arteries along the reticular layer; Papillary plexus: capillary network from small arteries in papillary layer |
| Veins in Dermis | Venous plexus: capillary return deep to the papillary plexus; Contusion: damage to blood vessels resulting in bruises |
| Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | lies below integument; stabilizes skin; allows separate movement; made of elastic areolar and adipose tissue; connected to reticular layer by connective tissue fibers; has few capillaries and no organs |
| Adipose tissue (fat) | where it is distributed in the body is determined by hormones |
| Hair | wrapped in a dense connective-tissue-sheath; base is surrounded by sensory nerves (root hair plexus) |
| Arrector pili | involuntary smooth muscle |
| Hair Growth | hair papilla contains capillaries and nerves; hair bulb produces hair matrix |
| Hair Matrix | layer of dividing basal cells; produce hair structure; push hair up and out of skin |
| Layers of the Hair | medulla: central core; cortex: middle layer; cuticle: surface layer |
| Keratin | Soft keratin inside, hard keratin outside |
| internal root sheath | inner layer of hair follicle; contacts cuticle in lower hair root |
| external root sheath | extends from skin surface to hair matrix |
| glassy membrane | dense connective-tissue sheath that contacts connective tissues of dermis |
| Club hair | non growing hair attached to inactive follicle |
| Lanugo hair | fetal hair follicles |
| vellus hairs | soft, fine, cover body surface |
| terminal hairs | heavy, pigmented; head, eyebrows, etc. |
| Exocrine Glands | Sebaceous and sweat glands |
| Sebaceous Glands (oil glands) | simple branched alveolar glands (associated with hair follicles) and sebaceous follicles |
| Sebaceous follicles | discharge directly onto skin surface; holocrine glands; secrete sebum; contains lipids, lubricates and protects epidermis, and inhibits bacteria |
| Sweat glands | Apocrine and Merocrine |
| Aprocrine glands | found in armpits, nipples, and groin. assocaited with hair follicles; produce sticky, cloudy secretions; cause odors |
| Merocrine Glands | widely distributed especially on palms and soles, cools skin, flushes microorganism and chemicals |
| Ceruminous glands | protect eardrum and produces earwax |
| Nails | Made of dead cells, produced in a deep epidermal fold near the bone called the nail root |
| Classification of burns | 1st degree- damage to epidermis; 2nd degree- damage down to dermis; 3rd degree- damage to entire thickness of skin |
Created by:
Asund6
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