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CNS
Central Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory Division (Afferent) | Carries impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS. (Brings information to the brain) |
| Motor Division (Efferent) | Carries impulses from the CNS to effectors. (Takes information away from the brain) |
| Motor Division has 2 subdivisions used to control the body | Somatic Nervous System and the Autonomic Nervous System |
| Somatic Nervous System | Voluntary control of skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System (don't have conscious control over) | Involuntary control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands |
| Anatomical Division | CNS and the PNS |
| CNS | Brain and Spinal Cord (the control center) |
| PNS | all the nerves outside the brain and the spinal cord (consist of nerves and sensory receptors |
| Neurons have 3 parts | Cell bodies, dendrites and axons |
| Dendrites | Receives information (talk to other cells) |
| Cell bodies | Takes the information from the dendrites and responds |
| Axons | Electrical impulses get transmitted down |
| Types of Neurons | Multipolar, Bipolar and Unipolar |
| Multipolar Neurons | Has several dendrites, single axon and neurons located in the brain and spinal cord |
| Bipolar Neurons | 1 dendrites and 1 axon, occurs in the sensory portions of the body (we use to see, hear and smell) |
| Unipolar Neurons | One single process extending from the cell body. Go to our skin and organs |
| Neuroglia | Support and help the neurons function |
| 4 Neuroglial Cells in the CNS | Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Astocytes and Microglia |
| Oligodendrocytes | Create Myelin in the CNS |
| Ependymal Cells | Line the CNS to produce the CSF in the CNS |
| Astrocytes | Forms the brain blood barrier in the CNS(cover the blood supply and helps fight toxins) |
| Microglia | Fights Pathogens( filter out things that should not be in the CNS |
| 2 Neuroglial Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System | Schwann Cells and Satellite Calls |
| Schwann Cell | Produce the myelin in the PNS |
| Satellite Cells | Helps control the environment for ganglia |
| Me/nin/ges | Fibrous membrane that protect the brain and spinal cord. Dura mater, Arachnoid mater and Pia mater |
| Dura Mater (Latin for strong mother) | Tough outer surface attached to the cranial bones. Forms protective tube in vertebral canal |
| Arachnoid Mater | Middle layer, Thin web like. Does not penetrate smaller depression like the pia |
| Subarachnoid Space | Between the Arachnoid mater and Pia mater. Filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid |
| Pia Mater | Attached directly to the brain and spinal cord. Thin innermost layer. Contains blood vessels to nourish the brain and spinal cord |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid | Protects the brain, provides buoyancy(balance) and cushion for the brain. provides chemical balance by removing waste. provides nutrients |
| Ventricles | produce and circulate the CSF |
| 2 Lateral Ventricles | within the choroid plexuses where the CSF is produced |
| 3rd Ventricle | Midline of diencephalon |
| 4th Ventricle | Midline of brain stem |
| Flow of CSF | Lateral Ventricle- to 3rd- to 4th- to the central canal or subarachnoid space |
| Cerebal Cortex | Gray matter, Outer surface, cell bodied and unmyelinated fibers nerve acting to transmitt impulses down the unmyelinated fibers to the myelinated fibers beneath |
| White Matter beneath the Cortex | Helps transmit impulses between the hemispheres of the brain(left and right side) and other areas of the brain |
| Cerebrum | Characterized by Gyri(fold) and Sulci(grooves). divided into hemispheres that are further divided into 4 lobes |
| Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres | Separated by longitudinal fissure. Connected by Corpus Callosum(bundles of white matter) |
| Cerebral Hemisphere divided by 4 lobes | Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Temporal Lobe and Occipital Lobe, Insula |
| Frontal Lobe (motor area) | Premotor- planner, Primary motor- sends the message. Broca area- interprets out going lanuage. executive function |
| Parietal Lobe | General sensory, primary sensory area, high level reasoning(problem solving) |
| Temporal Lobe | Hearing, Wernicke's area- interprets incoming lanuage |
| Occipital Lobe | Vision |
| Insula | |
| Limbic System | Complex of very deep nuclei inside the brain. Involved in memory and emotions |
| Hippocampus (Memory) | Immediate memory last a few seconds short term memory lasts a few seconds to a few hours(forgetting results if distracted Long term memory results from chemical changes |
| Amygdala (Emotions) | Emotional behaviors, malfunctions can result in mood disorders |
| Long Term Memory (Hippocampus) | Results from cellular changes including the growth of dendrites and the formation of new connections |
| Diencephalon | Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | Acts as a switching station for incoming sensory messages Directs the sensory messages to the apporiate lobe of the cerebrum |
| Hypothalamus | Monitors the internal environment and helps regulate homeostasis |
| Hypothalamus | Helps temperature regulation, heart rate, digestive and uninary function |
| Hypothalamus | Helps with hormone production, food and water intake and sexual developement |
| Brainstem | Medulla Oblongata, pons, midbrain and reticular formation |
| Medulla Oblongata | lowest section of the brainstem. All sensory(incoming) and motor(outgoing) information passes thru. |
| Medulla Oblongata | Regulates heart rate, respiratory rate and blood vessel. controls vomiting |
| Pons | bridges motor tracts to the cerebellum(talks to the cerebellum) |
| Midbrain | bulges called colliculi on back surface. top 2 control visual reflexes bottom 2 control auditory reflexes |
| Reticular Formation | Helps with sleep-wake and arousal |
| Cerebellum | 2 hemispheres connected by Vermis. Helps posture, balance and control. refelxive memory |
| Cerebellum | Second largest brain region. Damage results in loss of equilibrium, muscle coordination and muscle tone |
Created by:
myrnasGirl3
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