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AP Harper Ch 6,7,8,9
A&P
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bone is what type of tissue? | Connective |
| Name the bone functions | Shape, support, protection,movement, electrolyte balance, blood production and Acid-base balance |
| Which bones support the body and hold it upright? | legs, pelvis, and Vertebral column |
| Bones store and release what? | calcium and phosphorus |
| a major site for blood cell formation? | bone marrow |
| Bones encase what? | bone marrow |
| Describe Acid-base balance in the bones? | Bone absorbs and releases alkaline salts to help maintain a stable pH. |
| Longer than they are wide | long bones |
| have a very long axis | long bones |
| The femur of the thigh and the humerus of the arm are examples of what bones | long bones |
| These bones work like levers to move limbs | long bones |
| As broad as they are long | short bones |
| These bones tend to be shaped like cubes | short bones |
| Carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle are examples of what bones? | short bones |
| What type of bones protect organs? | Flat bones |
| Type of bone that is thin, flat and often curved? | Flat bones |
| Bones of the skull, the ribs, and the breastbone (sternum) are examples of what type of bones? | Flat bones |
| The Shoulder blades are another example of what type of bones? | Flat bones |
| _________ __________ provide a large surface area for the attachment of muscles. | Shoulder blades |
| Often clustered in groups, these bones come in various sizes and shapes. | Irregular bones |
| Vertebrae and facial bones are examples of what type of bones? | Irregular bones |
| Sesamoid are what type of bones? | Irregular bones |
| Small bones embedded in tendons? | Sesamoid Bones |
| The kneecap is an example of what type of bone? | Sesamoid bones |
| The tiniest bone in the body is found where? | The ear |
| Thick compact bone makes up this hollow cylinder | Diaphysis |
| The central shaft-like portion of the long bone | Diaphysis |
| This gives the long bone the strength it needs to support a large amount of weight | Diaphysis |
| The head of each end of a long bone | Epiphysis |
| Strengthens the joint; also allows an expanded area for the attachment of tendons and ligaments. | Epiphysis |
| Made of porous-looking spongey bone. | Epiphysis |
| Central hollow portion of the long bone | medullary cavity |
| epithelial membrane lining the inside of the medullary cavity | endosteum |
| In children, the medullary cavity of the long bone is filled with | blood cell-producing red bone marrow |
| In adults, most of the marrow has turned _______. | yellow |
| Yellow marrow is rich in what? | fat |
| A dense fibrous membrane that covers the diaphysis of the long bone | periosteum |
| When fibers of the periosteum weave together with the fibers of tendons, this arrangement ensures what? | a strong connection between muscle and bone. |
| _________ is crucial for bone survival. | periosteum |
| Some of the fibers of the periosteum _________ the bone, ensuring that the membrane stays firmly anchored. | penetrates |
| Thick cartilage that separates the epiphysis and diaphysis at each end of a long bone. | epiphyseal plate |
| epiphyseal plate is also known as the ? | growth plate |
| Where would you find an epiphyseal plate? | In the long bone of a growing child |
| Once growth has stopped, the epiphyseal plate is replace by what? | epiphyseal line |
| inflammation of bone and marrow | Osteomyelitis |
| Bone includes what types of cells? | Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes |
| The study of bone | Osteology |
| Help form bone by secreting substances that comprise the bone's matrix | Osteoblasts |
| dissolves unwanted or unhealthy bone | Osteoclasts |
| mature osteoblasts that have become entrapped in the hardened bone matrix | osteocytes |
| the two functions of osteocytes | some dissolve bone while others deposit new bone. |
| Contribute to the maintenance of bone density while also assisting with the regulation of blood levels of calcium and phosphorus | osteocytes |
| Bone is unique from other connective tissue because of its | matrix |
| The matrix of the bone consists of | collagen fibers and crystalline salts (primarily calcium and phosphate |
| The ________ of bone is hard and calcified. | matrix |
| What types of strength does bone have? | tensile and compressional |
| Which strength does bone lack? | torsional strength |
| When collagen fibers in the matrix make bone highly resistant to stretching forces this is callled | tensile strength |
| When calcium salts allow bones to resist strong squeezing forces this is called | compressional strength |
| Whenever bone experiences an increase in load, the osteocytes do what? | stimulate the creation of new bone |
| Osseous tissue that is light and porous | spongy (cancellous) bone |
| type of bone that is found in the ends of the long bones and in the middle of most other bones | spongy (cancellous) bone |
| spongy bone is always surrounded by | durable compact bone |
| bone that consists of latticework | spongy |
| latticework of bone is called | trabeculae |
| trabeculae adds strength without adding ______, | weight |
| The cavities between the trabeculae are filled with | red bone marrow |
| Red marrow supplies spongy bone with _________ and also produces what? | blood and produces blood cells |
| If the stress a bone is exposed to changes, the ___________ will realign themselves to compensate. | trabeculae |
| Lamellae is found in what type of bone? | compact |
| In compact bone, layers of matrix are arranged in concentric, onion-like rings called | lamellae |
| Haversion canal goes which direction? | up and down |
| Basic structural unit of compact bone | osteon |
| transverse passageways that connect the haversion canals | volkmann's canals |
| transport blood and nurtrients from the bone's exterior to the osteocytes locked inside | volkmann's canals |
| canals are part of the ______. | Osteon |
| consists of an elaborate network of canals and passageways containing nerves and blood vessels | compact bone |
| bone marrow is a type of _____ tissue | soft |
| nearly all of a child's bone contains | red marrow |
| produces red blood cells | red marrow |
| type of soft tissue that fills the medullary cavity of long bones | bone marrow |
| fills the spaces of spongy bone | bone marrow |
| What are the two types of marrow? | red and yellow |
| What type of marrow no longer produces blood cells? | yellow |
| When would yellow marrow change back into red marrow? | severe, chronic blood loss or anemia |
| In an adult, red bone marrow can be found only in the | ribs, sternum, vertebrae, skull, pelvis, and upper parts of both the humerus and femur. |
| The first skeleton in a developing fetus is composed of | cartilage and fibrous connective tissue |
| Early skeleton evolves into bone through which process | ossification |
| Name the two types of ossification processes | One for the fibrous connective tissue and one for cartilage |
| When groups of stem cells in the tissue differentiate into osteoblasts it is called | intramembranous ossification |
| By what age is the skull completely ossified? | age 2 |
| Part of the newborns skull that consists of fibrous connective tissue | fontanels |
| Most bones evolve from | cartilage |
| At 3 months gestation the fetus has a skeleton composed mostly of | cartilage |
| Process of turning cartilage into bone | endochondral ossification |
| endochondral ossification begins in the ______ bones | long |
| Bones grow in length or elongate for how long? | a fixed period |
| Bones widen and thicken for how long? | throughout the lifespan |
| Bone lengthening occurs where? | at the epiphyseal plate |
| layer of hyaline cartilage at each end of the bone | epiphyseal plate |
| When bone lengthening stops, the epiphyses have _______. | closed |
| What remains when the epiphyses have closed? | a line of spongy bone called the epiphyseal line |
| When the epiphyseal plate separates from the diaphysis or epiphysis this is called | an epiphyseal fracture |
| What type of fracture can effect future bone growth? | an epiphyseal fracture |
| When bone cells destroy old bone | resorption |
| creation of new bone | ossification |
| The process of osteoclasts removing matrix and reducing the mass of little-used bone | remodeling |
| repairs minor traumas and contributes to homeostasis by releasing calcium into the blood | remodeling |
| After age ___bone loss increases while bone formation slows causing bones to _______. | 40, weaken |
| It's possible to increase bone density through | exercise |
| lack of exercise causes | increased bone loss |
| Which factors affect bone growth | hereditary, nutrition, hormones, and exercise |
| a break in a bone | fracture |
| A bone that is manipulated into it's original position without surgery is called | closed reduction |
| When surgery is needed to reposition the bone this is called | open reduction |
| Type of fracture in which the bone remains aligned and surrounding tissue is intact | simple |
| Type of fracture in which the bone breaks and has pierced the skin. | compound |
| Type of fracture is one in which the fracture is incomplete. Causes the bone to splinter rather than break completely | greenstick |
| Type of fracture that occurs in young children | greenstick |
| buckle fracture is a | greenstick fracture |
| type of fracture most likely to happen as a result of a car accident | comminuted fracture |
| Type of fracture in which the bone is broken into pieces. | comminuted |
| jagged bone ends often make this type of fracture difficult to reposition | spiral |
| Type of fracture in which the fracture line spirals around the bone, the result of a twisting force | spiral |
| elbow fractures commonly occur in | childhood |
| a break in a diseased or weakened bone, usually result from a force that wouldn't normally fracture a healthy bone | pathologic fracture |
| uncomplicated fractures heal in | 8 to 12 weeks |
| Steps of fracture repair | 1. Initial hematoma transforms into granulation tissue 2.Granulation tissue transforms into a soft callus 3. A hard callus forms around the fracture 4. Remodeling replaces the callus tissue with bone |
| exaggerated thoracic curvature | Kyphosis ( hunchback) |
| exaggerated lumbar curvature | Lordosis (swayback) |
| lateral curvature of the spine | Scoliosis |
| Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the surface of the epiphysis | articular cartilage |
| osseous tissue | bone tissue |
| the two divisions of the skeleton | Axial (80 bones) Appendicular (126 bones) |
| projections that allow muscle attachment and depressions or passages that provide routes for blood vessels and nerves | articulations |
| axial skeleton consists of | skull, rib cage, and vertebral column |
| appendicular skeleton consists of | bones of limbs and the pelvic and shoulder area |
| central supporting axis | axial skeleton |
| adult skeleton has ____ bones | 260 |
| name the bones of the cranium (skull) | frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal |
| bony structure housing the brain | cranium |
| join together at the top of the head to form the top and sides of the cranial cavity | parietal bones |
| forms the forehead and the roof of the eye sockets (orbits) | frontal bone |
| forms the rear of the skull | occipital bone |
| ______ means hole | meatus |
| form the sides of the cranium and part of the cranial floor | temporal bones |
| contain the structures of the inner ear and middle ear | temporal bones |
| forms a key part of the cranial floor as well as the floor and the side of the orbits. | sphenoid bone |
| an indented area on top of the sphenoid bone | sella turcica |
| houses the pituitary gland | sella turcica |
| only movable joint in the cranium | temporalmandibular joint |
| joint between the parietal bones and the frontal bone | coronal suture |
| joint between the left and right parietal bones | sagittal suture |
| the line of articulation between the parietal bones and the occipital bone | lambdoidal suture |
| skull contains a number of holes called | foramina |
| large opening in the base of the skull that allows the spinal cord to pass through it as it connects to the brain stem | foramen magnum |
| the bones that meet to form the upper jaw | maxillae |
| form the foundation of the face | maxillae |
| bones that shape the cheeks and form the outer edge of the orbit | zygomatic bones |
| largest and strongest bone in the face | mandible |
| ______ articulates with the temporalmandibular bone | mandible |
| rectangular bones form the bridge of the nose | nasal bones |
| bones of the ear | malleus, incus, stapes also called ossicles |
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