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Anatomy Final
Mr. Mathena Anatomy Final-Mastery Tests
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Profuse, uncontrolled sweating for no apparent reason is known as | hyperhidrosis |
| Two or more kinds of tissue that work together to perform specialized function make up an | organ |
| List the four major types of membranes. | Serous, Mucous, Synovial, and Cutaneous |
| Serous membranes are lcoated | in body cavities that are completely closed to the outside of the body. |
| Mucous membranes are located | in the lining of cavities and tubes that have openings to the outside of the body |
| The function of synovial membranes is to secrete a fluid that | reduces friction |
| The outer layer of skin is called the | epidermis |
| The inner layer of skin is called the | dermis |
| The masses of connective tissue beneath the inner layers of skin are called the | subcutaneous layers (or hypodermis) |
| The cells of the skin that reproduce are in the | stratum basale |
| The pigment that helps protect the deeper layers of the epidermis is | melanin |
| LIght-complected, fair-haired people have ________ numbers of melanocytes than/as dark-complected, dark-haired people | equal |
| An irregularly shaped, blue-black-colored growth on skin, especially on areas exposed intermittently to high-intensity sunlight, may be a | melanoma |
| Blood vessels are located in the | hypodermis (or subcutaneous layer) |
| The subcutaneous layer functions as a (an) | heat insulator |
| Smooth muscle cells that stand hairs on end in response to cold are known as | arrector pili muscles |
| The glands usually associated with hair follicles are | sebaceous glands |
| Nails are produced by epidermal cells that undergo | keratinization |
| Where are the eccrine sweat glands most numerous | forehead, neck and back |
| The sweat glands associated with regulation of body temperature are the | eccrine glands |
| Which of the following organs produces the most heat? Kidneys, bones, muscles, or lungs? | muscles |
| Sponging the skin with water helps increase the loss of body heat by | evaporation |
| Fibroblasts must migrate into ___ cut to heal the skin defect | deep |
| Study of the human body first began with earliest humans because | they were as interested in their body parts and their functions as we are today |
| What factor set the stage for early knowledge of the human body? | the growing experience of medicine men as they treated the sick with herbs and potions |
| The development of modern science began with: | the belief that natural processes were caused by forces that could be understood |
| What languages form the basis of the language of anatomy and physiology? | Latin and Greek |
| The branch of science that deals with structure of body parts is | Anatomy |
| The branch of science that studies how body parts function is | Physiology |
| The function of a part is (always, sometimes, never) related to its structure. | always |
| List those characteristics that humans share with other organisms | Movement, Growth, Assimilation, Digestion, Circulation, Absorption, Excretion, Respiration, Responsiveness, Reproduction |
| Does statement a explain statement b? | Yes |
| The most abundant chemical in the human body is | water |
| Food is used as a(n) ______ source to build new ___________ ___________ and to participate in the regulation of chemical reactions | energy, living matter |
| Oxygen is used to release | energy |
| An increase in temperature ________ the rate of chemical reactions | increases |
| The action of the heart creates ___________ pressure in the blood vessels. | hydrostatic |
| Homeostasis means | maintenance of a stable internal environment |
| List the levels of organization of the body in order of increasing complexity, beginning with the cell | cell, tissue, organs, organ systems, organism |
| The portion of the body that contains the head, neck, and truck is called the | axial portion |
| The arms and legs are called the | appendicular portion |
| The two major cavities of the axial portion of the body are the | dorsal cavity and the ventral cavity |
| The inferior boundary of the thoracic cavity is the | diaphragm |
| The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland are located in the _______________, which separates the thoracic cavity into two compartments. | mediastinum |
| List the four body cavities located in the head | middle ear, orbital, nasal, oral |
| The visceral and parietal pleural membranes secrete a serous fluid into a potential space called the | pleural cavity |
| the heart is covered by the __________ membranes | pericardial |
| The peritoneal membranes are located in the __________ cavity | abdominopelvic |
| The covering of the body is made of an organ and various accessory organs known as the ________________ system | integumentary |
| functions of the nervous system | integration and coordination |
| functions of the muscular system | support and movement |
| functions of the circulatory system | processing and transporting |
| functions of the respiratory system | processing and transporting |
| functions of the skeletal system | support and movement |
| functions of the digestive system | processing and transporting |
| functions of the lymphatic system | processing and transporting |
| functions of the endocrine system | integration and coordination |
| functions of the urinary system | processing and transporting |
| functions of the reproductive system | reproduction |
| Which of the following positions of body parts is/are in anatomic position? palms of hands turned toward sides of body, standing erect, arms at side, face toward left shoulder | standing erect and arms at side |
| terms of relative position are used to describe the | location of one body part with respect to another |
| A sagittal section divides the body into | right and left portions |
| The terms epigastric, hypochondriac, and iliac are examples of | abdominopelvic regions |
| The muscle that raises the eyelid is the | levator palpebrae superioris |
| The conjunctiva covers the anterior surface of the eyeball, except for the | central portion (cornea) |
| The superior rectus muscle rotates the eye | upward and toward the midline |
| Te transparency of the cornea is due to the | small number of cells and the lack of blood vessels |
| In the posterior wall of the eyeball, the sclera is pierced by the | optic nerve |
| The shape of the lens changes as the eye focuses on a close object in a process known as | accommodation |
| The anterior chamber of the eye extends from the _______ to the iris | cornea |
| The part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye is the | iris |
| The inner tunic of the eye contains the receptor cells of sight and is called the | retinal |
| The region associated with the sharpest vision is the | fovea centralis |
| The bending of light waves as they pass at an oblique angle from a medium of one optical density to a medium of another optical density is called | refraction |
| The light-sensitive pigment in rods is __________. In the presence of light, this pigment decomposes to form _________ and _________. | rhodopsin, opsin, retinal |
| Some of the fibers of the optic nerves cross within the | optic chiasma |
| the field of tissue engineering uses cells and synthetic materials to fashion | human body parts |
| Cells in a tissue are (similar, dissimilar) | similar |
| The function of epithelial tissue is to | cover body surfaces |
| What are characteristics of epithelia tissue? | has no blood vessels, nourished by substances diffusing from connective tissue, and injuries to it heal rapidly as new cells replace damaged cells |
| Location of simple squamous epithelium | air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries |
| location of simple cuboidal epithelium | lining of the ducts of salivary glands |
| location of simple columnar epithelium | lining of digestive tract |
| location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium | lining of respiratory passages |
| location of stratified squamous epithelium | epidermis of the skin |
| the inner lining of the urinary bladder and the passageways of the urinary tract are composed of | transitional epithelium |
| A gland that secretes its products into ducts opening into an external or internal surface is called a(n) ___________ gland | exocrine |
| A merocrine gland secretion that is thin, watery, and contains high concentrations of enzymes is called __________ fluid | serous |
| The functions of connect tissue are | support, protection, fat storage |
| Fibroblasts and mast cells found in connective tissue are (fixed, wandering) cells | fixed |
| The connective tissue cells that produce fibers are | fibroblasts |
| The major structural protein of the body and of white connective tissue is | collagen |
| Yellow connective tissue that can be stretched and returned to its original shape is | elastic |
| The cartilage found in the tip of the nose is _____________ cartilage | hyaline |
| The type of cartilage in the intervertebral discs is | fibrocartilage |
| Because of the nature of the blood supply, injured cartilage heals (quickly, slowly) | slowly |
| The most rigid connective tissue is | bone |
| The intercellular material of vascular tissue is | blood plasma |
| The three types of muscle tissue are | skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
| Coordination and regulation of body functions is the function of ________ tissue | nervous |
| The hardest and most enduring human tissue is | bone |
| Which of the following is not an active tissue found in bone? cartilage, cuboidal epithelium, blood, nervous tissue | cuboidal epithelium |
| The shaft of a long bone is the | diaphysis |
| To what part of the bone do tendons and ligaments attach | periosteum |
| Bone that consists mainly of tightly packed tissue is called | compact |
| Bone that consists of numerous branching bony plates separated by irregular spaces is called | spongy |
| The medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with | yellow bone marrow |
| Bones that develop from layers of membranous connective tissue are called | intramembranous bones |
| Bones that develop from masses of hyaline cartilage are called | endochondral bones |
| The band of cartilage between the primary and secondary ossification centers in long bones is called the | epiphyseal plate |
| One bone formation is complete, the bone (remains stable, is remodeled) throughout life | is remodeled |
| The gap between broken ends of a fractured bone is filled by a | cartilaginous callous |
| To accomplish movement, bones and muscles function together to act as | levers |
| Which of the following bones contain red marrow for blood cell formation in a healthy adult? pelvis, small bones of the wrist, ribs, shaft of long bones | pelvis, ribs |
| The bones most often affected by osteoporosis are the | hip bones, vertebrae |
| Which of the following inorganic salts are normally stored in bone? potassium, calcium, lead, chlorine | potassium, calcium |
| The hormone associated with the development of osteoporosis is | estrogen |
| List the major parts of the axial skeleton | skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, thoracic cage |
| List the major parts of the appendicular skeleton | Pectoral girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs |
| The only movable bone of the skull is the | mandible |
| The bone that forms the back of the skull and joins the skull along the lambdoidal suture is the ______________ bone | occipital |
| The upper jaw is formed by the _________ bones. | maxillary |
| The membranous areas (soft spots) of an infant's skull are called | fontanels |
| What part of the vertebral column acts as a shock absorber | intervertebral disks |
| Which of the vertebrae support the most weight? | lumbar |
| The functions of the thoracic cage include | production of blood cells, contribution to breathing, protection of hear and lungs, support of the shoulder girdle |
| True ribs articulate with _____________ ________________ and the ____________ | thoracic vertebrae, sternum |
| The pectoral girdle is made of two ____________ and two _____________ | clavicles, scapulae |
| The ___________ crosses over the ulna when the palm of the hand faces backward | radius |
| The wrist consists of | 8 carpal bones |
| When the hands are placed on the hips, they are placed over the | iliac crest |
| The longest bone in the body is the | femur |
| The lower end of the fibula can be felt as an ankle bone. The correct name is the | lateral malleolus |
| Synovial membrane is found in | freely movable joints |
| The function of bursae is to | act as shock absorbers, facilitate movement of tendons over bones |
| The type of joint that permits the widest range of motion is | ball-and-socket |
| Moving the parts at a joint so that the angle between them is increased is called | extension |
| A sleeping position most likely to avoid low back pain is | a side lying position |
| List the tissues found in skeletal muscle | skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, blood, connective tissue |
| An individual skeletal muscle is separated from adjacent muscles by | fascia |
| Layers of connective tissue extending into the muscle to form partitions between muscle bundles are continuous with attachments of muscle to periosteum called | tendons |
| The characteristic striated appearance of skeletal muscle is due to the arrangement of alternation protein filaments composed of _________ and _____________ | actin, myoisn |
| An injury in which a few muscle fibers are torn but the fascia is left intact is called a | mild muscle strain |
| The union between a nerve fiber and a muscle fiber is the | neuromuscular junction |
| A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls are called a | motor unit |
| When the cross-bridge of the myosin molecule forms linkages with actin filaments, the result is | shortening of the muscle fiber |
| The energy used in muscle contraction is supplied by the decomposition of | adenine triphosphate |
| A substance that stores energy released when stores of ATP are in low supply is | creatine phosphatec |
| The chemical that is necessary for the transmission of an impulse from a nerve to a muscle fiber is | acetylcholine |
| The ion necessary to link myosin and actin is | calcium |
| After prolonged muscle use, muscle fatigue occurs due to an accumulation of | lactic acid |
| The minimal strength stimulus needed to elicit contraction of a single muscle fiber is called a(n) | threshold stimulus |
| The strength of a muscle contraction in response to different levels of stimulation is determined by the | number of motor units stimulated |
| The period of time between a stimulus to a muscle and muscle response is called the | latent period |
| Muscle tone | a state of sustained, partial contraction of muscles that is necessary to maintain posture |
| Atrophy | a decrease in the size and strength of a muscle |
| What muscle changes will occur in response to an exercise like swimming that produces relatively weak muscle contraction? | Muscle will be able to resist fatigue, increased numbers of mitochondria and capillaries will form |
| Two types of smooth muscle are _______ muscle and ________ muscle | multiunit, visceral |
| Peristalsis is due to what characteristics of smooth muscle? | capacity of smooth muscle fibers to excite each other, rhythmicity |
| Smooth muscle contracts (more slowly, more rapidly) than skeletal muscle following stimulation | more slowly |
| Impulses travel relatively (rapidly, slowly) through cardiac muscle | rapidly |
| Smooth body movements depend on _____________ giving way to prime movers | antagonists |
| The muscle that compresses the cheeks inward when it contracts is the | buccinator |
| The muscles that move the head to one side are the | sternocleidomastoid,semispinalis capitis, splenius capitis |
| The muscle that abducts the upper arm and can both flex and extend the humerus is the | deltoid |
| The band of tough connective tissue that extends from the xiphoid process to the symphysis pubis and serves as an attachment for muscles of the abdominal wall is the | linea alba |
| The heaviest muscle in the body, which serves to straighten the leg at the hip during walking, is the | gluteus maximus |
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