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AHP 318.Test 2
Medical terminology AHP 318 Ch 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| An/o | anus |
| Append/o | appendix |
| appendic/o | appendix |
| bucc/o | cheek |
| cec/o | cecum |
| celi/o | belly abdomen |
| cheil/o | lip |
| cholecyst/o | gallbladder |
| choledoch/o | common bile duct |
| col/o | colon large intestine |
| colon/o | colon |
| dent/I | tooth |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| enter/o | intestines usually small intestine |
| esophagi/o | esophagus |
| faci/o | face |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| giniv/o | gums |
| gloss/o | tongue |
| hepat/o | liver |
| ile/o | ileum |
| jejun/o | jejunum |
| labi/o | lip |
| lapar/o | abdomen |
| lingu/o | tongue |
| mandibule/o | lower jaw mandible |
| odont/o | tooth |
| or/o | mouth |
| palat/o | palate |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| peritone/o | peritoneum |
| pharyng/o | throat |
| proct/o | anus and rectum |
| pylor/o | pyloric sphincter |
| rect/o | rectum |
| sialaden/o | salivary glands |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| stomat/o | mouth |
| uvul/o | uvula |
| amyl/o | starch |
| vil/i/ | gall bile |
| bilirubin/o | bilirubin bile pigment |
| chol/e | gall bile |
| chlorhydr/o | HCL |
| gluc/o | sugar |
| glyc/o | sugar |
| glycogen/o | glycogen animal starch |
| lip/o | fat lipid |
| lith/o | stone |
| prote/o | protein |
| sial/o | saliva |
| steat/o | fat |
| ase | enzyme |
| chezia | defecation elimination of waste |
| iasis | abnormal condition |
| prandial | meal |
| 3 functions:Digestion | - Start with complex food materials - Chemical/mechanical breakdown of food enzymes Mastication |
| 3 functions:Absorption | digested food moves into the bloodstream via the small intestine cell catabolism in the presence of oxygen cell anabolize too (amino acids into proteins) FA and glycerol enter lymphatic vessels first |
| 3 functions:Elimination | solid waste/unabsorbed food concentrated in the large intestine into feces |
| Tonsill/o | tonsils, lymphatic tissue Filter Produce lymphocytes |
| Rugae | irregular ridges on anterior hard palate |
| Labial | against the lip Incisors and canine |
| Buccal | against the cheek Premolars and molars |
| Lingual | against the tongue (all teeth) |
| Mesial | nearest to the middle w/r/t medial line |
| Distal | farthest from the middle (medial line) |
| Occlusal | top surface |
| Incisal | sharp edge on incisors and cuspids |
| Crown | above the gum line |
| Root | within the bony tooth socket |
| Enamel | outermost protective layer Hardest substance in the body |
| Dentin | main substance of the tooth Beneath the enamel Throughout the crown Bony tissue that is softer than enamel |
| Cementum | covers, supports, protects dentin in the root |
| Periodontal membrane | surrounds the cementum, holds tooth in the socket |
| Pulp | soft delicate tissue under the dentin Blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, lymphatic vessels are in the pulp (root) canal |
| Salivary Glands | 3 pairs, Parotid gland, Submandibular gland, Sublingual gland |
| Salivary Glands | Exocrine glands that produce saliva,Enzymes, cytokines, proteins,Produce 1.5 liters of saliva daily |
| Pharynx | aka throat,5” long tube of muscle lined with mucous, |
| Pharynx | Allows air movement between nose and windpipe (trachea),Swallowing engages the epiglottis,Allows movement of food between oral cavity and esophagus |
| Esophagus | 9-10” muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach |
| Peristalsis | involuntary, progressive movement of muscle to carry food bolus |
| Stomach | Bolus leaves esophagus and enters into the stomach,3 main parts |
| Fundus | upper portion |
| Body | middle section |
| Antrum | lower portion |
| Stomach | Prepares food for the small intestine,Which is where digestion and absorption take place,Makes food chemically ready and physically small – takes 1-4 hours per bolus |
| Stomach Sphincters | muscle rings that control movement into and out of the stomach Lower esophageal sphincter |
| Pyloric sphincter | allow food to leave the stomach |
| Rugae | folds in the stomach |
| Digestive glands | pepsin production (proteins) and HCl |
| Small intestine (small bowel) | 20 feet long,Pyloric sphincter to the large intestine |
| Small intestine (small bowel) | 3 parts,Duodenum,Jejunum,Ileum |
| Small intestine (small bowel) | Contains millions of villi,Tiny microscopic projections,Absorb nutrients into the blood stream and lymph vessels |
| Duodenum | 1st section of small intestine,1 foot long, |
| Duodenum | Receives food from stomach, bile from the liver and gallbladder,Pancreatic juice (enzymes) from pancreas,Gets food ready for 2nd section,Jejunum and ileum. |
| Jejunum | Second part of small intestine,8 feet long, |
| Ileum | Third section of small intestine, 11 feet long,Connects to the large intestine |
| Large intestine (large bowel) | From ileum to anus,3 parts |
| Large intestine (large bowel) | Cecum,Colon,Rectum |
| Large intestine (large bowel) | Receives fluid waste from digestion,Absorbs most of the H2O from the waste,Stores the rest (feces or stool) until released from the body through defecation |
| Cecum | right-sided pouch Connects ileum to the ileocecal valve (sphincter),Appendix hangs from the cecum |
| Colon | 5 feet long,4 named segments, |
| Ascending | Cecum to under surface of liver, left at hepatic flexure |
| Transverse | Horizontally left towards the spleen, down at splenetic flexure |
| Sigmoid | Shaped like an S, begins at distal end of descending colon and leads to the rectum,Rectum terminates at the anus |
| Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas | Involved in digestion and absorption of nutrients,Are considered to be accessory organs |
| Liver | RUQ of the abdomen,Makes bile (thick orangish or black fluid) |
| Emulsification (detergent-like effect) | in duodenum Contains cholesterol (fat),Bile acid (continuous release) |
| Bile pigment | Bilirubin (from hemoglobin breakdown) |
| conjugated in the liver | enters the intestine with bile |
| Stool coloring is determined by bilirubin degradation by bacteria | |
| Remember jaundice: bilirubin in the blood (eyes, skin, mucous membranes) | hyperbilirubinemia |
| Bile goes through the hepatic duct to the cystic duct to the gallbladder | |
| Liver | Maintains normal blood glucose levels |
| Glycogen (starch) | excess sugar stored in liver cells |
| Glycogenolysis | not enough sugar in the blood |
| Gluconeogenesis | sugar from fat /protein |
| Liver | Makes clotting factors,And other blood proteins |
| Liver | Releases bilirubin,RBC destruction, |
| Liver | Removes toxins from the body,detoxification |
| Gallbladder | Pear-shaped sac under the liver |
| Gallbladder | Stores and concentrates bile for later,After meals when bolus is in stomach and duodenum bile is forced out of the cystic duct into the common bile duct |
| Pancreas | Secretes pancreatic juice (enzymes) into the pancreatic duct (this joins the common bile duct at the duodenum) |
| Pancreas | Endocrine function Secretes insulin to the blood stream |
| Pancreas | Exocrine function Enzymes to duodenum for digestion via the pancreatic duct |
| Amylase | digests starch |
| Lipase | digests fat |
| Protease | digests protein |
| Achlorhydria | Chronic gastritis or gastric carcinoma |
| Anorexia | Lack of appetite,Often has component of liver involvement, Diarrhea |
| Dysphagia | Movement problems in esophagus or tumor/swelling blocking passage of food,Feeling of a lump in the back of the throat |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux | Heartburn,possibly due to hiatal hernia |
| Jaundice/icterus | Orangish-yellow color in skin, mucous membranes, eyes Hyperbilirubinemia |
| Hepatic/Hepatocellular malfunction | disease |
| Posthepatic/Obstructive | choledocholithiasis |
| Prehepatic/Hemolytic | excessive RBC destruction |
| Melena | Black, tarry stools due to blood in feces above the duodenum,Digested blood |
| Hematochezia | – passage of fresh, bright-red blood from the rectum,Colitis,Ulcers,Polyps |
| Steatorrhea | Fat discharged in feces,Froth-foul-smelling fecal matter,– Improper digestion or absorption,Usually a pancreatic problem |
| Froth | foul-smelling fecal matter |
| Aphthous Stomatitis (Canker Sores) | Small, painful oral ulcers,Unknown etiology |
| Herpetic Stomatitis (Fever blisters or cold sores) | Caused by Herpes virus, usually HSV-1,gingiva, lips, palate, tongue |
| Oral Leukoplakia | White patches in the mouth, precancerous, tobacco |
| Periodontal Disease | Gingivitis,may require gingivectomy,Dental plaque (bacteria), dental calculus, tartar,possibly pyorrhea |
| Esophageal varices | Swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus,Liver disease makes it worse |
| GERD | gastroesophageal reflux disease |
| Peptic ulcer | Open sore or lesion in the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum Helicobacter pylori |
| Anal Fistula | abnormal tubelike passageway near anus,Often due to fissure,may be congenital, or from injury, infection, metastasis, childbirth, |
| Colonic Polyposis | Small benign growths in colon on the mucous membrane |
| Colorectal cancer | adenocarcinoma of the colon, rectum, or both,Warning signs: Unexplained cramps or abdominal bleeding, leukocytopenia, weight loss, bloody stools |
| Diverticula | Outpouching of colonic mucosa in the intestinal wall,Low residue diets may contribute to cause,may lead to diverticulitis/diverticulosis |
| Dysentery | Painful intestines,Bacteria, amoeba, viruses |
| Intussusception | Telescoping of a segment of the intestine ,Most often in infants and small children ,Barium enema to confirm & usually surgery to correct,Ileocecal region is a common spot |
| Volvulus | twisting of intestines,blocks flow, usually infant,medical emergency surgery to prevent necrosis |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome | Associated with stress, spastic colon, no pathological lesions,Lots of fiber |
| Ulcer | Open sore/lesion of epithelial tissue,Examples: Gastric or peptic ulcers |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Chronic Inflammatory disease of the colon, possible diarrhea with blood or pus,can be debilitating,Increases risk of colon cancer |
| Cirrhosis | Cirrh/o |
| Cholelithiasis | gallstones in the gallbladder,Bile obstruction,Biliary colic |
| Pancreatitis | Inflammation of the pancreas,Autodigestion of tissues by digestive enzymes ,Alcohol abuse, drug abuse, gallstone obstruction, viral infections,Acute symptoms mimic appendicitis, cholecystitis, ulcers Symptom - Steatorrhea |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of liver due to drugs, chemicals, environmental poisons, alcohol, parasites, viruses,Causes jaundice |
| 3 major types of viral hepatitis:Hepatitis A (HAV),Food and water, usually a complete recovery | |
| 3 major types of viral hepatitis Hepatitis B (HBV) | Blood transfusion, sexual contact, contaminated needles |
| 3 major types of viral hepatitis Hepatitis C (HCV) | Blood transfusion, contaminated needle sharing |
| Hepatitis A Virus | Oral/Fecal spread,poor hygiene and sanitary conditions |
| Hepatitis B Virus | Spread mainly through sexual intercourse, contaminated needles/sharp objects and mother to child,found in most body secretions if infected,5-10% become carriers or chronic |
| Hepatitis C Virus | Contaminated sharp objects and mother to child,55-85% become chronic,number 1 indication for liver transplant , |
| Hemolytic | Pre-hepatic,excessive destruction of RBC’s due to HDN,Too much bilirubin for the liver to conjugate so all can’t be excreted in urine Possibility of Bilirubin crossing blood-brain barrier to brain |
| Hepatic | Due to disease (hepatitis/cirrhosis) or damage in the liver,Cells unable to extract bilirubin from blood and/or excrete it into bile duct,If not extracted, increase of unconjugated in blood |
| Obstructive | post-hepatic,Bilirubin can’t reach gut for further breakdown,Inability of bilirubin to be excreted because,Gallstones blocking duct,Outside pressure,Cancer of pancreas |
| Obstruction of liver canaliculi | following drugs,fatty alcohol liver,early acute viral hepatitis |
| Crohn’s Disease | Chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown origin usually affecting ileum and/or colon,Frequent diarrhea, severe abdominal pain, nausea, fever, chills, weakness, anorexia, weight loss,Often confused with ulcerative colitis |
| Ulcerative Colitis | Chronic, episodic, inflammatory disease of large intestine and rectum,Watery diarrhea with blood, mucus, pus,Patients often appears calm but have a great deal of hostility and anxiety,Debilitating disease that may prevent normal functioning |
| Liver function tests (LFT) | test for enzymes and bilirubin in the serum |
| ALT | alanine transaminase, aka SGPT |
| AST | aspartate transaminase, aka SGOT |
| ALK | alkaline phosphatase |
| Enzymes | Are all enzymes normally found in liver tissue,Increased levels indicate damage to liver cells (Enzymes leak into the blood) |
| Bilirubin | Increased levels produce jaundice (and icterus) in skin and other tissues,Direct bilirubin test,For conjugated bilirubin ,Liver Obstruction or disease |
| Indirect bilirubin test | For unconjugated bilirubin ,Excessive hemolysis |
| Stool Cultures | Fecal material is put on culture media to test for the presence of pathogenic organisms |
| Stool Guaiac | aka Hemoccult test ,Test to detect presence of blood in feces ,Test for melena or occult blood,Colon cancer |
| Barium Enema | aka lower GI series,Barium- contrast medium,Detects abnormalities in the lower GI Tract,X-rays of colon and rectum after rectal enema injection |
| Upper GI series | Detects abnormalities in the upper GI Tract,Views of esophagus, stomach and small intestine,Barium is taken orally |
| Barium swallow | just the esophagus |
| Cholangiography | Look at bile vessels,Inject contrast into the bile ducts,Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography |
| CT/CAT Scan | Cross-sectional or transverse ,View of GI tract, blood vessels, organs |
| Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) | Catheter injection through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, duodenum and then the bile duct,Backward injection of dye into bile and pancreatic ducts. |
| Abdominal Ultrasonography | Sound waves produce images,Good for fluid filled structures |
| Radioactive (Liver Scan) | Intravenous blood injection of radioactive material.,Picked up by liver cells,Scanner records uptake of material and produces an image. |
| Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (blanket word) | Special fiber optic tube passed through the mouth or anus for visual exam,Can also remove tissue, etc. |
| Liver Biopsy | Percutaneous insertion of needle into liver to remove tissue for microscopic exam |
| Nasogastric Intubation | tube through the nose directly into the stomach,Used to remove gastric secretions and administer medications, food, and fluids. |
| Paracentesis | aka Abdominocentesis ,Remove fluid from patient with ascites (peritoneal cavity) or for diagnostic procedures |
| Femal reproductive Functions | Produce ova,Provide a place for growth of the embryo,Produce hormones for regulating menstruation and the development of female secondary sex characteristics |
| Gynecology | Study of the female reproductive system |
| Obstetrics (literally means midwife) | Medical specialty concerned with pregnancy and delivery of the fetus |
| Neonatology | Study and treatment of the newborn (child) |
| Ovaries | Almond-shaped organs in lower abdomen,Very small |
| Fallopian Tubes | (aka uterine tubes, oviducts),Lead from each ovary to uterus |
| Uterus | aka womb ,Muscular organ between urinary bladder and rectum,Normal position |
| Vagina | Muscular tube leading from uterus to exterior of body, |
| Perineum | Area between vaginal and rectal openings. Episiotomy (cutting vulva) often done to prevent a tear in the perineum |
| Bartholin’s glands | Located on either side of vaginal opening, produce mucus secretions that lubricate the vagina |
| Clitoris | Erectile tissue ,anterior to vaginal orifice,anterior to urethral meatus |
| Ovaries | Held in place by ligaments, |
| Graafian Follicles | Thousands of small sacs containing an ovum |
| Ovum | Each month, a mature follicle ruptures releasing an ovum |
| Corpus luteum (yellow body) | Develops when ruptured follicle fills with yellow, fatty material,secretes progesterone and estrogen |
| Fallopian tube/Uterine tube | Extends laterally from uterus to ovary,ovum moves from ovary through tube toward uterus,May be fertilized within the Fallopian tubes |
| Uterus | lined with mucus membrane |
| Endometrium | Specialized epithelial membrane lining the uterus |
| Myometrium | Middle muscular layer |
| Perimetrium/uterine serosa | Outer layer |
| Cervix | Neck,Narrow, lower portion |
| Vagina | Tube leading from cervix to external opening |
| Breast | mammary (milk-producing) glands in the glandular tissue,Composed of about 20 separate glands (lobes) with several lactiferous ducts which open on surface at mammary papilla , |
| Breast | Also lymph ducts draining to areas in armpit and chest allow spread of cancer,Breast tissue has cyclical changes during the menstrual cycle like the uterine endometrium |
| Menstrual Cycle | Days 1-5 (Menstruation),Discharge of body fluid containing endometrial cells, glandular secretions and blood cells |
| Menstrual Cycle | Days 6-12 (Post-Menses),FSH and LH secreted by pituitary gland stimulates production of mature Graafian follicle containing a mature ovum ,initial repair of uterine lining due to stimulation of estrogen from maturing Graafian follicle |
| Menstrual Cycle | Days 13-14 ,Ovulation,Increased concentration of estrogen stimulates release of a surge of LH which causes rupture of a mature follicle,Released ovum begins passage through fallopian tubes, |
| Menstrual Cycle | Days 15-28 ,Pre-Menses,Graafian follicle fills with yellow fluid and becomes corpus luteum which secretes estrogen and progesterone (endocrine),Hormones continue stimulating buildup of uterine lining for possible fertilization and pregnancy |
| When no fertilization/pregnancy occurs | Corpus luteum stops secreting estrogen & progesterone which allows the endometrium to break down and slough off,Cause of PMS,The decreased hormone production “tells” the pituitary gland to begin secreting FSH |
| Birth Control Pills | Maintain high levels of estrogen & progesterone which will decrease FSH and LH causing ovulation to not occur |
| hCG | human chorionic gonadotropin |
| Hormonal Interaction of Pregnancy | The high levels of hormones acts as “Negative Feedback” which tells the pituitary gland that FSH and LH are not needed,Therefore no ovulation occurs during pregnancy (typically) |
| Placenta | Vascular organ ,forms in uterine wall ,derived from maternal endometrium and chorion |
| Chorion | Outer membrane surrounding embryo |
| Amnion | Inner membrane,holds amniotic fluid |
| Menopause | Gradual ending of menstrual cycle resulting from normal aging of the ovaries |
| Estrogen Replacement Therapy | Relieve uncomfortable symptoms of menopause,With small doses of progesterone, appears to protect women from osteoporosis, |
| Cervical Carcinoma | Malignant tumor of cervix,One of most common cancers of women,Slow development from cervical dysplasia to carcinoma in situ (localized) to metastasis to lymph nodes, bladder, intestine, ureters |
| Cervicitis | Inflammation of the cervix,Due to STI,infections resulting in ulcers, leukorrhea |
| Endometrial carcinoma | malignant tumor of uterine lining,Main symptom,postmenopausal bleeding,Estrogen exposure |
| Endometriosis | Endometrial tissue in abnormal locations - ovaries, pelvic peritoneum, small intestine, etc. Symptoms include dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, infertility, dyspareunia. |
| Ovarian Carcinoma | Malignant tumor of the ovary,Generally metastasized before diagnosis ,few symptoms produced in early stages,Treatment-Oophorectomy,salpingectomy |
| CA-125 | Tumor marker seen in the blood |
| Ovarian Cysts | Collections of fluid within a sac in the ovary |
| Cystadenoma | Lined with tumor cells,May become malignant |
| Cystadenocarcinoma | See cystadenoma,But can metastasize |
| Dermoid | Benign Teratomas – Monster,From immature eggs in the ovary,Strange assortment of tissue |
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) | Inflammation and infection of organs in the pelvic region,Salpingitis often with no symptoms ,Bacterial infection increases risk of ectopic pregnancy, infertility, sterility ,STI component,Symptoms include bilateral lower abdominal pain, vaginal discharge |
| LLQ and RLQ | Carcinoma of the Breast,Malignant tumor arising in milk glands and ducts, |
| Lumpectomy | Remove lump leaving rest of breast intact,Simple or total mastectomy Entire breast and some axillary lymph nodes are removed to detect metastasis |
| Modified Radical Mastectomy | Removal of entire breast, axillary lymph nodes and some adjacent chest wall muscles |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | Implantation of fertilized ova in a place other than the uterus,generally in oviducts (90%),Surgery or medication |
| Hydrocephalus | Fluid accumulation due to circulation problems in the brain and spinal cord |
| Pyloric Stenosis | Narrowing of sphincter between the stomach and duodenum,Requires surgical repair |
| Pap Smear | Cells are evaluated microscopically for the presence of cervical/vaginal carcinoma |
| Pregnancy Test | Detect beta-hCG subunit in urine or blood |
| Hysterosalpingography | Image of uterus and fallopian tube after IV contrast material injection |
| Mammography | Recommend baseline X-Ray and yearly after age 40 |
| Ultrasound | Recording of sound waves to create images |
| Aspiration | Remove fluid, e.g. Breast, for evaluation of disease |
| Cauterization | Destroy abnormal tissue with heat or chemicals by burning |
| Colposcopy | Visual exam of vagina and cervix and usually a biopsy |
| Cryosurgery | Destroy tissue using cold temperature,Liquid nitrogen |
| Dilation and Curettage (D & C) | Widen cervical opening and scrape endometrium |
| Laparoscopy | Visual examination of abdominal cavity |
| Amniocentesis | Needle puncture of the amniotic sac,Cells removed for cytological and biochemical studies |
| Pelvimetry | Measurement of mother’s pelvis to determine capacity for vaginal birth |
| Breast | Most of breast is fibrous fatty tissue which provides structure to breast but also way for cancer to spread to skin and underlying pectoral muscles, |
| Nitrogen becomes a waste product | Urea, creatinine, uric acid |
| Nitrogenous waste gets into the bloodstream | Kidneys filter out the waste,Urine is formed,Also contains water, salts and acids,Out it goes |
| Wastes recycled from respiration & energy production | Liver transforms nitrogen from protein into urea. Urea passes into blood stream. |
| Fluid | Nitrogenous wastes and water eliminated through kidneys |
| Gases | CO2 and H2O eliminated through lungs |
| Functions of the Renal System | Remove wastes, urea,Maintain water and electrolyte balance, secretion & reabsorption),Kidney capillaries maintain proper balance by secreting some substances into the urine and absorbing others back in the bloodstream to be used by the body |
| Functions of the Renal System | Acts as an endocrine organ by secreting |
| Renin | Helps control blood pressure,Keeps blood moving through the kidney |
| Erythropoietin | hormone that regulates RBC production |
| Vitamin D | Required for absorption of calcium from the intestine,Secreted by the kidney |
| Kidney | Retroperitoneal bean shaped organs,Typically have 2, |
| Cortex | Outer region |
| Medulla | Inner region |
| Hilum | Blood vessels and nerves |
| Ureter | muscular tubes,Typically have 2,Peristaltic movement of urine from kidney to bladder |
| Bladder | Hollow muscular sac in pelvic cavity,Urine reservoir,Anatomy |
| Urethra | Urine from bladder to outside of the body,Female |
| Expulsion of urine | voiding,Aka urination or micturition |
| Meatus | External opening of the urethra outside the body,Blood enter kidney via aorta through the R and L renal arteries at the hilum,Arterioles continue into the cortex of the kidney,Slow and steady,Where renin comes into play |
| Capillaries | Glomerulus |
| Nephron | combination of a glomerulus and a renal tubule |
| 3 steps for kidney function | 1 Filtration 2 Reabsorption 3 Secretion |
| Filtration | Water, salts, sugar, nitrogenous wastes are allowed to leave the bloodstream via the glomeruli,Collection occurs in Bowman’s capsule |
| Renal tubule | Attached to each Bowman capsule |
| Filtration | Water, glucose, salt, urea, creatinine, uric acid (nitrogenous wastes),Leave bloodstream at the glomerulus & are collected in Bowman’s Capsule |
| Reabsorption | As filtrate travels along the renal tubules, all the glucose, salts (Na+) & most of the water are taken back into the blood stream by the peritubular capillaries,Ensures that the body retains essential substances |
| Secretion | To maintain electrolyte (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) balance, some ions will travel from the peritubular capillaries to the renal tubule,Secreted from the bloodstream,opposite of reabsorption,Waste products must be removed as they are toxic to the body |
| Urine | 95% water,5% urea, creatinine, salts, acids, drugs |
| Renal pelvis | Basin located in the central kidney,Where collecting tubules lead,Narrows into the ureter |
| Ureter | Carries urine to the urinary bladder |
| Bladder | Storage unit for urine,Sphincters control movement to the urethra,Muscular rings |
| Urethra | Urinary meatus and out |
| Glomerulonephritis | Inflammation of the balls of capillaries in the kidney,Etiology often idiopathic,Can occur following a streptococcal infection,2 weeks,Symptoms include: backache, malaise, hypertension, albuminuria, hematuria, oliguria, renal failure,aka Bright’s disease |
| Nephrolithiasis | aka kidney stones or renal calculi,Idiopathic ,Usually associated with an increase in blood calcium levels (parathyroid gland),Uric acid |
| Polycystic Kidney | Multiple fluid filled sacs within and on the kidney,aka PKD,Hereditary,Kidney can weigh 20X normal weight,Can cause nephromegaly, UTI, hypertension, uremia, hematuria |
| Pyelonephritis | Bacterial inflammation of renal pelvis and renal medulla,mainly in women,Symptoms: frequency, dysuria, pyuria, bacteriuria, proteinuria, hematuria |
| Renal cell carcinoma | aka hypernephroma ,Malignant tumor of kidney,Often metastasizes to bone and lungs,hematuria |
| Renal Failure | Failure of the kidney to excrete wastes and maintain its filtration function,Anuria/Oliguria result in increased nitrogenous wastes (Azotemia),Fatal if untreated |
| Diabetes mellitus | Etiology - Inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin Symptoms– hyperglycemia, glycosuria, polyuria, polydipsia |
| BUN: blood urea nitrogen | Measures the amount of urea (waste) in the blood Increased when the kidney is diseased or failsLeads to uremia, unconsciousness, death |
| Laboratory Tests | Creatinine and creatinine clearance,Measures the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney,Blood levels are compared to urine levels |
| CT Scans | X-ray image showing a detailed cross section view of organs and tissues Kidneys: transverse views |
| Intravenous Pyelogram (IVP) | Contrast medium injected in a vein, is filtered from the kidney into the urine, Determines renal function and shows cysts, tumors, stones, etc. |
| Renal Angiography | IV injection of contrast medium to visualize renal blood vessels. |
| Ultrasonography | Process of imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves |
| Radioactive (radioisotope studies) | Image of the kidney after injecting IV radioisotope into the blood Radioisotope concentrated in the kidney |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | Magnetic field and radio waves produce an image in all three planes of the body,A painless diagnostic technique, |
| MRI Advantages | Detecting edema in the brain,Image hidden body parts,Pituitary gland, spinal cord, heart, brain,Detect tumors in the chest and abdomen,Visualize the cardiovascular system,Outpatient procedure,No radiation or contrast dye |
| Cystoscopy | Direct visual examination of urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)Hollow metal tube - urinary meatus- urethra bladder,Add a catheter Urine out, contrast material in |
| Dialysis | Process of separating nitrogenous waste material from the blood when the kidneys no longer function |
| Hemodialysis | Waste removed from patient’s blood by passing blood through an artificial kidney machine. |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | Special fluid is put into the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity via catheter to remove wastes |
| Extra corporeal shock wave (aka lithotripsy) | External shock waves crush stones in the urinary tract via endoscopy,Involves pain meds,Patient passes the broken stones via urinary excretion |
| Renal Biopsy | Removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination by a pathologist |
| Renal transplantation | Surgical transfer of a complete kidney from a donor to a recipient,Requires tissue matching,Requires immunosuppressive drugs to reduce rejection of transplanted kidney |
| Urinary Catheterization | Pass flexible tube into urethra to Drain urine from bladder,Inflate bladder,Irrigate bladder,A Foley cath is indwelling |
| ectasis,ectasia | stretching,dilation,widening |
| emesis | vomiting |
| lysis | destruction |
| pepsia | digestion |
| phagia | eating swallowing |
| plasty | surgical repair |
| ptosis | droop,sag,protrude |
| ptysis | spitting |
| rrhage,rrhagia | bursting forth(of blood) |
| rrhaphy | suture |
| rrhea | flow discharge |
| spasm | sudden involuntary contraction of muscles |
| stasis | to stop,control |
| stenosis | tightening,stricture,narrowing |
| tresia | opening |
| cali/o,calic/o | calyx |
| cyst/o | urinary bladder |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| meat/o | meatus |
| meatus | opening or canal |
| glomerus | tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of the kidney |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| trigon/o | trigone(region of the bladder) |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| vesic/o | urinary bladder |
| albumin/o | albumin(protein in the blood) |
| azot/o | nitrogen |
| bacteri/o | bacteria |
| dips/o | thirst |
| ket/o keton/o | ketone bodies |
| lith/o | stone |
| noct/o | night |
| olig/o | scanty |
| poietin | substance that forms |
| py/o | pus |
| tripsy | to crush |
| ur/o | urine |
| urin/o | urine |
| uria | urination,urine condition |
| amni/o | amnion |
| cervic/o | cervix,neck |
| chori/o chorion/o | chorion |
| colp/o | vagina |
| culd/o | cul de sac |
| episi/o | vulva |
| galact/o | milk |
| gynec/o | woman |
| hyster/o | uterus,womb |
| lact/o | milk |
| mamm/o | breast |
| mast/o | breast |
| men/o | menses, menstration |
| metr/o metri/o | uterus |
| my/o myom/o | muscle muscle tumor |
| nat/i | birth |
| obstetr/o | pregnancy and childbirth |
| o/o | egg |
| oophor/o | ovary |
| ov/o | egg |
| ovul/o | egg |
| ovari/o | ovary |
| perine/o | perneum |
| phor/o | to bear |
| salping/o | fallopian tubes |
| uter/o | uterus |
| vagin/o | vagina |
| vulv/o | vulva |
| arche | beginning |
| cyesis | birth |
| gravida | pregnant |
| parous | bearing bring forth |
| rrhea | discharge |
| salphinx | uterine tube |
| tocia | labor birth |
| version | act of turning |
| dys | painful |
| endo-within | with in |
| in | in |
| intra | within |
| multi | many |
| nulli | no not none |
| pre | before |
| primi | first |
| retro | backwards |
| Chorion | placenta |
Created by:
kallipso
Popular Anatomy sets