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A&P Chapter 20 & 21
Digestive System / Nutrition & Metabolism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the organs of the digestive tract? | Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
| What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract? | Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
| What is another name for the digestive tract? | Alimentary canal |
| What are the three layers of the digestive tract? | Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis |
| What is the mucosa layer? | Contains three layers: inner layer of epithelium, layer of loose connective tissue & thin layer of smooth muscle |
| What is the Submucosa layer? | Thicker layer of connective tissue; contains glands, vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves |
| What is the Muscularis layer? | Contains two layers of smooth muscle; this layer regularly contracts and relaxes to propel food through the digestive tract |
| Where does mechanical digestion occur? | Mouth, stomach & small intestine |
| What are the mesenteries? | Layers of visceral peritoneum that suspended the digestive organs within the abdominal cavity, while anchoring them loosely to the abdominal wall |
| What is the mesentery that extends over the stomach & hangs over the small intestine like an apron called? | Greater omentum |
| What is the entryway to the digestive tract? | Mouth |
| What consist of mostly skeletal muscles & forms an arch between the mouth and nasopharynx? | Soft palate |
| What is the clear fluid that consist mostly of water, but also contains mucus? | Saliva |
| What does saliva do? | Moistens food, plays a role in taste, and has an enzyme that kills bacteria |
| Digestion begins when . . . . | Food enters the mouth & is chewed |
| How many teeth does the adult mouth contain? | 32 |
| What is enamel? | Hard tissue that covers the crown & can not regenerate |
| What is dentin? | Firm, yellowish tissue, which is the bulk of the tooth |
| What is the first step of the pharynx? | Food gets broken down, moistened by saliva, tongue manipulates the bolus to the back of the oral cavity |
| What is the second step of the pharynx? | Soft palate lifts, while the larynx rises, food moves through the oropharynx and laryngopharynx on its way to the esophagus |
| What happens when a bolus enters the esophagus? | Triggers a wavelike muscular contraction that propels the food towards the stomach |
| What is peristalsis? | Wavelike muscular contraction that propels food towards the digestive tract |
| What is the stomach? | Muscular sac whose primary function is to store food |
| What is chyme? | Small particles of food mixed with gastric juice (semifluid) |
| What is rugae? | Wrinkled folds of the mucosa & submucosa |
| What are the components of gastric juice that are secreted by the glands of the gastric pits? | Mucus, hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, pepsin, ghrelin, gastrin |
| Why is the intrinsic factor so important? | Necessary for B12 absorption |
| What secretes digestive enzymes such as pepsinogen? | Chief cells |
| What is the first step once swallowing signals the stomach? | Contractions move toward the pyloric region. Wavelike peristaltic contractions breakdown and mix it with gastric juices to form chyme |
| What is the second step once swallowing signals the stomach? | Under the pressure of a contraction, about 30ml of chyme squirts into the duodenum |
| How long does it take for the stomach to empty after a typical meal? | Four hours |
| What are the phases of gastric secretion? | Cephalic, gastric, intestinal |
| The right & left lobes of the liver are separated by what? | Falciform ligament |
| What is the purpose of the falciform ligament? | Anchor the liver to the abdominal wall |
| What does the portal vein do? | Carries oxygen poor but nutrient rich blood from the digestive organs & spleen to the liver |
| What are the functional units of the liver? | Hepatic lobules |
| Where does the central vein pass through? | Core of each lobule |
| What are hepatocytes? | Sheets of hepatic cells that fan out from the center of the lobule |
| What are sinusoids? | Passageways filed with blood in between the sheets of hepatic cells |
| What are the tiny canals that carry bile secreted by the hepatocytes called? | Canaliculi |
| Blood filters thought the sinusoids allowing cells to remove what? | Nutrients, hormones, toxins and drugs |
| What is the purpose of the gallbladder? | Stores & concentrates bile |
| How does bile leave the liver? | Right & left hepatic ducts |
| What is cholecystokinin (CCK)? | Hormone secreted by the duodenum that causes the gallbladder to contract, forcing bile into the bile duct, an the release of pancreatic enzymes |
| Where does most chemical digestion & nutrient absorption occur? | Small intestine |
| Most of the digestive process occurs in what part of the small intestines? | Duodenum |
| What is the part of the small intestine that is an ideal location for nutrient absorption? | Jejunum |
| What is the last 12 feet of the small intestine called? | Ileum |
| What increases the surface area of the small intestine more than 500 times? | Folds, villi, & microvilli |
| What does chemical digestion & absorption do? | Uses digestive enzymes, transforms food molecules into particle that can be absorbed, occurs mostly in small intestine, & the process varies between nutrients |
| What does carbohydrate digestion do? | Begins in mouth with amylase, continues in small intestine with pancreatic amylase, finished at villi with sucrase, lactase, and maltase |
| What do carbohydrates consist of? | Saccharides |
| What are the three different types of saccharides? | Polysaccharides, disaccharides, & monosaccharides |
| What saccharides do most foods contain? | Polysaccharides |
| What does protein digestion do? | Begins in stomach with pepsin, continues in duodenum with trypsin & chymotrypsin, and finishes in small intestine with peptidases |
| Before the body can absorb amino acids, what bond must be broken? | Peptide |
| How does the peptide bond get broken? | With enzymes called proteases that are NOT in saliva and only work in the stomach & small intestine |
| What is fat digestion? | First requires emulsification, continues with pancreatic lipase, some fats are absorbed into bloodstream of villi, other fats changed into triglycerides and enter lymphatic system |
| Where is most of the fat digested? | Duodenum |
| What does the large intestine absorb large amounts of? | Water |
| What is metabolism? | Nutrients that undergo a chemical reaction |
| What is calorie? | Amount of heat (energy) needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius |
| What is energy expenditure? | Measured by the output of heat from the body |
| What is BMR? | Amount of energy the body needs at rest |
| What is the body's primary source of energy? | Carbohydrates |
| How do you maintain your weight? | Calorie intake must equal calorie output |
| What are the factors that can increase metabolic rate? | Anxiety, fever, eating & thyroid hormones |
| What are the hormones that suppress the appetite? | Leptin, insulin, & cholecystokinin (CCK) |
| What hormone produces hunger? | Ghrelin |
| What hormone tells you that your satisfied and don't need to eat anymore? | Peptide YY (PYY) |
| What types of nutrients are there? | Macronutrients, micronutrients, essential nutrients, & nonessential nutrients |
| What are macronutrients? | Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, & water |
| What are micronutrients? | Vitamins and minerals |
| What are essential nutrients? | Obtained through diet |
| What are nonessential nutrients? | Synthesized by the body |
| What are the three types of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| What is a monosaccharide? | Simple sugar; absorbed without being broken down (glucose, fructose, galactose) |
| What is a disaccharide? | Simple sugar broken down to monosaccharide (table sugar, lactose, maltose) |
| What is a polysaccharide? | Complex carbohydrate. (Starches found in vegetables, grains, potatoes, rice, & legumes) Most carbohydrates should be complex, contain other vital nutrients in addition to carbohydrates |
| What is cellulose? | Major component of plant tissues that absorb water in the intestines and swell. This adds bulk to the stool and increases peristalsis, allowing stool to pass more quickly out of the body |
| What do lipids do? | Act as reservoir of excess energy, enable absorption of certain vitamins (A, D, E, K), contribute to cellular structure, insulate & protect the body (organs) |
| What are saturated fats? | Derived mainly from animals; tend to be solid at room temperature |
| What are unsaturated fats? | Occurs in nuts, seeds, vegetable oils; tend to be liquid at room temperature |
| How must essential fatty acids be obtained? | Diet |
| What are complete proteins? | Supply all essential amino acids; mainly come from animal sources (meat, fish, eggs, & dairy) |
| What are incomplete proteins? | Lack one or more essential amino acids; come from plant sources (nuts, grains, & legumes) |
| How are nonessential amino acids obtained? | Body synthesizes them |
| How are essential amino acids obtained? | Through food |
| What are the two different types of vitamins? | Water-soluble & fat-soluble |
| How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed? | With water in the small intestine, excreted by the kidney's |
| How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed? | With dietary fat; stored in the liver & fat tissues |
| What vitamin is needed for wound healing? | C |
| What are the most abundant minerals in the body? | Calcium (Ca) & Phosphorous (Ph) |
| What is catabolism? | Break down of complex substances into simpler ones or into energy |
| What is anabolism? | Forms complex substances out of simpler ones |
| Where are nutrients transformed through metabolism into energy that the body can use immediately or store for later use? | Inside the cell |
| What are the three phases of carbohydrate metabolism? | Glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, & aerobic respiration |
| What is glycolysis? | Occurs without oxygen; releases only a fraction of available energy |
| What is anaerobic fermentation? | Oxygen in short supply |
| What is aerobic respiration? | Oxygen available; produces large amounts of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) |
| What is the primary goal of glucose catabolism? | Generate ATP |
| The breakdown of what produces more than twice as much energy as the breakdown of carbohydrates? | Fat |
| What is protein metabolism? | Builds tissue; During digestion, proteins are broken down & amino acids recombined to form new proteins; Protein catabolism converts proteins to glucose & fat or used directly as fuel. |
| What is a toxic by-product of protein metabolism called? | Ammonia |
| How is body heat developed? | Chemical reactions occurring in the body's cells |
| What are the three methods of heat loss & example? | Radiation - standing in sunlight Conduction - sitting on a cold surface Evaporation - sweat |
| What is the body's thermostat? | Hypothalamus |
Created by:
tandkhopkins
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