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Endocrine & Blood
Human Anatomy & Physiology 2 Ch. 18 & 19, Endocrine System & Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the endocrine glands and organs that produce hormones. | Thyroid, parathyroid, pineal, pituitary, and adrenal glands; hypothalamus, thymus, pancreas, ovaries, testes, placenta, liver, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, skin, heart, and adipose tissue. |
| Name the two body systems that regulate the homeostasis of the body. | Nervous and Endocrine Systems |
| Compare the responses of the nervous and endocrine systems. | The nervous system releases neurotransmitters, which act locally and quickly on neurons, muscle cells, and glandular cells; the endocrine system releases hormones, which act more slowly on virtually all body parts, distant or not. |
| What is a target cell? | A cell that bears receptors for a hormone |
| Name the lipid-soluble hormones. | Steroids, thyroid hormones, and nitric oxide |
| Name the water-soluble hormones. | Amines; peptides, proteins, and glycoproteins; and eicosanoids |
| How do lipid-soluble hormones alter the activity of the target cells? | They alter gene expression |
| How do water-soluble hormones alter the activity of the target cells? | They activate plasma membrane receptors, which elicit production of a second messenger that activates various enzymes inside the cell |
| Name the three sources that regulate hormone secretion. | Signals from the nervous system, chemical changes in blood, and other hormones |
| Name the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary. | hGh (human growth hormone/somatotropin), TSH (Thyroid-stimulating hormone/thyrotropin), FSH (Follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (Luteinizing hormone), PRL (Prolactin), ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone/corticotropic), MSH (Melanocyte stimulating hormone) |
| What do tropic hormones do? | Tropic hormones stimulate secretion of a hormone in a gland. |
| What are some examples of tropic hormones? | Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) |
| What is the function of hGH? | Stimulates body growth through insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). |
| What is the function of TSH? | Regulates thyroid gland activities. |
| What is hypoglycemia? | Low blood glucose level |
| What is hyperglycemia? | High blood glucose level |
| What regulates TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)? | Stimulated by TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) and suppressed by GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone). |
| What are the target organs of TSH? | Thyroid gland |
| What is the function of FSH? | Regulate activities of the gonads - ovaries and testes |
| What regulates FSH? | GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) |
| What are the target organs of FSH? | Gonads - ovaries and testes |
| What are the targets of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)? | Kidneys and blood |
| Insulin-like growth factors are necessary for the full effect of ___. | hGH |
| What regulates hGH? | Promoted by GHRH (growth hormone-releasing hormone). Inhibited by GHIH (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone). |
| What are the targets of hGH? | Liver, skeletal muscles, cartilage, bones, and other tissues |
| What gland can be classified as an endocrine and exocrine gland? | Pancreas |
| What produces antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin? | Hypothalamus |
| What synthesizes the hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary gland? | Hypothalamus |
| What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone? | Low calcium in blood |
| What produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)? | Adrenal medulla |
| What is the effect of calcitonin on blood calcium levels? | Decreases blood calcium levels. |
| What secretes melatonin? | Pineal gland |
| What are the three granular white blood cells? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| What are the two agranular white blood cells? | Lymphocytes and monocytes |
| What are erythrocytes? | Red Blood Cells |
| What are leukocytes? | White Blood Cells |
| What vitamin is needed for blood to clot? | Vitamin K |
| What is the lifespan of red blood cells? | 120 days |
| What is erythropoiesis? | Formation of red blood cells in red bone marrow |
| What is fibrinolysis? | The process by which plasminogen dissolves fibrin in blood clots |
| What is thrombosis? | Blood clot in an unbroken vessel |
| What are emboli? | Clots that travels in blood vessels |
| Why is Type O considered the theoretical universal donor? | There are no A or B antigens on RBCs. |
| A parasite infection is often manifested by a high count of ___. | eosinophils |
| What are the plasma proteins in order from most abundant to least? | Albumins, globulins, fibrinogen |
| What are the phases of hemostasis? | Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, blood clotting by fibrin threads |
| Of what does the buffy coat of centrifuged blood consist? | White blood cells and platelets |
| What is the function of LH (luteinizing hormone)? | Stimulates ovation, stimulates progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum, and readies the mammary glands for milk secretion in females; stimulates testosterone secretion by the testes in males |
| What regulates LH (luteinizing hormone)? | Stimulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| What are the target organs of LH? | corpus luteum, mammary glands, testes, ovaries |
| What is the function of ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone)? | Regulates activities of the adrenal cortex |
| What regulates ACTH? | CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) |
| What is the target of ACTH? | Adrenal cortex |
| What is the function of PRL (prolactin)? | Initiates milk secretion. |
| What regulates PRL? | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) and Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) |
| What are the target organs of PRL? | Mammary glands |
| What is the function of MSH (melanocyte-stimulating hormone)? | Darkens skin |
| What regulates MSH? | Inhibited by dopamine, stimulated by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
| What is the target organ of MSH? | Brain, Melanin-producing cells |
| What is the function of oxytocin? | Enhances contraction of smooth muscle of uterus wall during delivery. After delivery, stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands |
| What regulates oxytocin? | Secreted by neurosecretory cells of hypothalamus in response to uterine distension and stimulation of nipples |
| What are the target organs of oxytocin? | Uterus and breasts |
| What is the function of the ADH? | Conserves body water by decreasing urine volume, decreasing water loss through perspiration; raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles |
| What regulates ADH? | Secreted in response to elevated blood osmotic pressure, dehydration, blood loss, pain, or stress. Inhibited by low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol |
| What produces and stores ADH? | Produced by hypothalamus. Stored in posterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores oxytocin? | Produced by hypothalamus. Stored in posterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores MSH? | anterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores PRL? | anterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores ACTH? | anterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores LH? | anterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores FSH? | anterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores TSH? | anterior pituitary gland. |
| What produces and stores hGH? | anterior pituitary gland. |
| What are two hormones released from the thyroid gland? | T3 and T4 |
| What is the function of T3 and T4? | Increase basal metabolic rate; stimulate synthesis of proteins; increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production; increase lipolysis; enhance cholesterol excretion; accelerate body growth; contribute to development of nervous system |
| What organ produces parathyroid hormone? | Parathyroid gland |
| What is the effect of calcitriol? | Lowers blood levels of Ca^2+ and HPO4^2- by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphates into bone extracellular matrix |
| What produces calcitriol? | Thyroid gland |
| How is parathyroid hormone secretion controlled? | Low blood calcium stimulate secretion; high blood calcium inhibit secretion |
| What type of pancreatic cells release insulin? | Beta cells of pancreatic islets |
| Which pancreatic cells release glucagon? | Alpha cells of pancreatic islets |
| What are the three signs of diabetes? | Polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia. |
| What is polyuria? | Abnormally large production of urine |
| What is polyphagia? | Insatiable appetite for food |
| What is polydipsia? | Abnormally great thirst |
| What is the role of glucocorticoids? | Influence glucose metabolism & stress resistance, protein breakdown, anti-inflammatory effects |
| What is the role of mineralocorticoids? | Affect mineral homeostasis |
| What is the role of androgens in general? | Masculinizing, stimulate growth of axillary and pubic hair and aid prepubertal growth spurt in both sexes. In females, contributes to libido and is converted to estrogen. |
| What's the primary glucocorticoid hormone? | Cortisol |
| Name a mineralocorticoid hormone. | Aldosterone |
| Which of the steroid hormones produced in the adrenal gland regulate the Na+ and K+ levels in blood? | Aldosterone |
| Which part of the adrenal gland produces glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, and androgens? | Adrenal cortex |
| What is the source of estrogen after menopause? | Androgens |
| What is the role of melatonin? | Helps set the biological clock by setting the sleep cycle |
| What hormones are produced by testes and ovaries? | Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone |
| What are the three stages of the stress response? | Flight-or-fight response, resistance, exhaustion |
| Which hormone is involved in the conversion of glycogen into glucose? | Glucagon |
| What hormones become deficient at old age? | hGH, thyroid hormones, cortisol, aldosterone, estrogens |
| What hormone rises in blood at old age and leads to osteoporosis? | Parathyroid hormone |
| What hormone is responsible for Addison's disease? | Deficient adrenal hormones, like aldosterone |
| What hormone is responsible for Graves disease? | Excess thyroid hormones |
| What hormone is responsible for Cushing's disease? | Excess glucorticoids |
| What hormone is responsible for myxedema? | Deficient thyroid hormone |
| What hormone is responsible for pheochromocytoma? | Excess of epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| What are the functions of blood? | Blood transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, and hormones ; helps regulate temperature, ph, and water content in cells; provides protection by clotting and by combating toxins and microbes through certain phagocytic wbc's or plasma proteins |
| What is the total volume of the blood in the body? | 4-6 liters |
| What is the role of a receptor? | They recognize and bind to specific hormones |
| What is blood's ph? | 7.35-7.45 |
| What's blood's temperature? | 100.4 F |
| What's blood's color? | Red |
| What are the 2 components of blood? | 55% blood plasma, 45% formed elements. |
| What is hemopoiesis? | Formation of blood cells from hemopoietic stem cells in red bone marrow |
| Where in the body do blood cells form? | Bone marrow |
| What is the stem cell that gives rise to all different kinds of blood cells? | Pluripotent |
| What are erythrocytes? | Red blood cells |
| What are leukocytes? | WBC's |
| What are thrombocytes? | Platelets |
| What are reticulocytes? | Immature red blood cells |
| What is the protein found in red blood cells? | Hemoglobin |
| What are the components of hemoglobin? | Globin, and four heme groups, each associated with an iron |
| Briefly describe the life cycle of red blood cells. | Erythropoiesis in red bone marrow. Proerythroblast -> ejects its nucleus, becomes a reticulocyte -> develop into mature RBCs -> enter circulation ->recycled |
| What is erythropoiesis? | Production of red blood cells |
| What is erythropoietin (EPO)? | Hormone released by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production |
| Where is EPO produced? | Juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney |
| What factors triggers release of EPO? | low oxygen levels; blood loss; high altitude |
| What substances are needed for the formation of healthy red blood cells? | Iron, copper, Vitamin A and B |
| What is hematocrit? | Percentage of blood made up of red blood cells |
| What are the different leukocytes? | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, |
| What is the function of basophils? | Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that intensify the inflammatory response |
| What is the function of lymphocytes? | W/ foreign antigens, B _ differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, which attach to the antigens and render them harmless; thus combat infection and provides immunity. T _ destroy foreign invaders directly. |
| What is the function of monocytes? | Migrate from blood into the tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages, which can gather at sites of infection or inflammation. Via phagocytosis combat inflammation and infection. |
| What is the function of eosinophils? | Combat the effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize (envelop and destroy) antigen-antibody complexes, and combat parasitic worms |
| What is the function of neutrophils? | Via phagocytosis combat inflammation and infection |
| What is the function of platelets? | Stop blood loss by forming a platelet plug |
| What is hemostasis? | Stoppage of bleeding |
| What is coagulation? | Clotting |
| What is the difference between serum and plasma? | Serum is blood plasma minus clotting proteins |
| What is the difference between plasminogen and plasmin? | Plasminogen is an inactive enzyme that is incorporated into a clot. Then it is activated to plasmin to dissolve the clot. |
| What is the role of plasmin in blood? | Dissolve blood clot by digesting fibrin threads |
| What are the differences between thrombosis, thrombus, and embolus? | Thrombosis is clotting in an unbroken blood vessel. The clot itself is a thrombus. If it moves from its site of origin it is an embolus. |
| What are the four different blood types? | A, B, AB, O |
| What blood type is the universal donor? | O |
| What blood type is the universal recipient? | AB |
| What is the difference between Rh+ and RH-? | Rh+ has Rh antigens; Rh- has none. |
| What are the components of blood plasma? | 91.5% water, 8.5% solutes: proteins, nutrients, vitamins, hormones, respiratory gases, electrolytes, and waste products. |
| What are the components of formed elements in blood? | red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets |
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