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Bio 156
Microbiology and Disease
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Infectious Diseases | -Can be transmitted -Caused by a pathogen (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites) |
| Communicable Infectious Diseases | Infectious diseases that can be spread from one individual to another |
| Non-communicable infectious diseases | Infectious diseases that cannot be spread from one individual to another |
| Epidemiology | Study of factors and mechanisms involved in the frequency and spread of infectious diseases |
| Inherited Diseases | Caused by abnormal genes (Hemophilia, sickle-cell anemia) |
| Neoplastic Diseases | Cancers - abnormal cell growths caused by a lack of control of cell growth |
| Immunity-related Diseases | Immune Disorders |
| Autoimmune Diseases | Occur when body attacks its own tissue (E.g. lupus, rheumatoid arthritis) |
| Immune-deficiency Diseases | Occur when one or more components of the immune system fail to function normally (E.g. SCID- severe combined immunodeficiency disease) |
| Degenerative Diseases | Diseases caused by aging such as: - Reduced bone mass (osteoporosis) - Reduced respiratory capacity (respiratory insufficiency) - Reduced heart and kidney function (cardiac insufficiency) |
| Nutritional Deficiency Diseases | Caused by a shortage of essential nutrients in the diet - Scurvy - Vitamin C Deficiency - Blood clotting disorders - Vitamin K Deficiency Rickets - Vitamin D Deficiency |
| Endocrine Diseases | Excessive or inadequate production of hormones - Diabetes - too little or non-functional insulin produced - Giantism - overproduction of growth hormones before normal growth finishes |
| Iatrogenic Diseases | Diseases caused by medical intervention - Adverse reactions to drugs - Infections that occur as a result of surgery (nosocomial infections) |
| Environmental Diseases | Caused by exposure to an environmental toxin (E.g. Lead Poisoning, Mercury Poisoning) |
| Idiopathic Diseases | Diseases with an unknown cause (E.g. Idiopathic asplastic anemia) |
| Pathology | Study of diseases |
| Pathophysiology | Study of changes in body caused by disease |
| Acute | Rapidly developing and may be severe |
| Chronic | Persistent, long-term disease that may be severe or mild |
| Latent | Disease that comes and goes, or relapses |
| Bacteria Characteristics | - only a few micrometers in length - much smaller than human cells - less DNA than human cells - prokaryotic cells - no organelles, have membrane and wall |
| How to Classify Bacteria | By shape and reaction to Gram Stain Oxygen Requirements pH Nutrient Requirements |
| Gram Stain Process | 1) Dye/stain with crystal violet 2) Rinse 3) Add Iodine (for one minute) 4) Decolourize with iodine or alcohol 5) Add counterstain 6) Wash off and dry |
| Purpose of Gram Stain | Detect presence of peptidoglycan in cell wall - Lots of Peptidoglycan = Positive (purple) - Lack of Peptidoglycan = Negative (pink) |
| Autoclave | Used to kill all living organisms with temperatures of 120 degrees or higher |
| Are most bacteria dangerous or harmless? | Usually harmless, and can even be beneficial |
| Benefits of some bacteria in the body | -Some make vitamin K - Some occupy space and prevent other harmful bacteria from occupying it |
| Opportunistic pathogens Examples/Scenarios | Will cause disease given the opportunity E. coli is beneficial in the large intestine, but causes disease if it gets to upper digestive tract Some bacteria are harmless on the skin but cause disease if they enter the body |
| Flesh Eating Disease - Streptococcus A | produces toxin that kills fascia of muscles, toxin sent through blood stream causing necrosis treated by removing dead, infected tissue (sometimes amputation) Not all strep A causes flesh eating disease |
| Virus Characteristics | Very small Not cells Small segments of nucleic acids covered by protein coat Infect cell by invading it and residing inside |
| Lytic Cycle | Reproduce in the cell and burst to get out and infect other cells |
| Lysogenic Viruses | Remain dormant in the cell for a period, then can reemerge to infect cells again |
| HIV | Retrovirus with RNA in nucleic acid gp120 protein on protein coat |
| gp120 | Specifically recognizes a receptor (CD4) on surface of helper T cells When it binds to receptor, it is taken int T cell where it is converted to DNA and incorporated in the cell's genetic material |
| Sterilization | The killing or removal of all microorganisms in a material Used on surgical and dental instruments - sterilized in an autoclave |
| Disinfection | Reduction in number of organisms, applied to non-living substances to reduce the number of pathogens |
| Antiseptics | Mild enough to be used on living tissue |
| Standard Precautions (Universal precautions) | Set of aseptic techniques designed to reduce transmission of pathogens. Standard b/c they are to be used with every patient; presume the worst and treat everyone as if they are contaminated |
| List of Standard Precautions | 1. Latex or vinyl gloves if contacting bodily fluids 2. Gowns and masks if splashing can occur 3. Hypodermic needles and sharps handled minimally 4. Spills cleaned with gloves and paper towel, areas disinfected w/ blaeach |
| Chemotherapy | Use of chemical agents to treat disease |
| Antibiotics | Substances made by microorganisms that have the ability of destroying or inhibiting the growth of bacteria E.g. penicillin inhibits cell wall synthesis Ineffective on viruses |
| 3 Types of Mutations | Harmful - Less able to survive - e.g. limit how it obtains energy No Difference Beneficial - increase survival odds - e.g. metabolize more types of sugar |
| How does resistance occur | 1. People stop taking their antibiotics before they should 2. People take bacteria for viral infections |
| Vaccines | Include inactivated bacterial toxins, killed microbes, parts of microbes, and viable but weakened microbes No longer cause disease but retain ability to stimulate an immune response in immunological memory |
Created by:
autumnnicole
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