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NAU A&P 10
NAU The Nervous System 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| System for information and communication | Nervous System |
| 2 Structural division of the nervous system | Central Nervous System (CNS) & Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| Any tissue or organ that carries out a command from the nervous system. | Effector |
| Portion of the neuron that transmits impulses from the spinal cord and brain | Efferent |
| Portion of the neuron that transmits impulses to the spinal cord and brain | Afferent |
| Functional cells that transmits impulses | Neuron |
| Brings information into the neuron | Dendrite |
| Takes information away from the neuron | Axon |
| Body of the neuron | Soma or Perikaryon |
| Protects, cleans up after neurons. Does not transmit an impulse. Ex: mom cells | Neuroglia |
| 4 Types of Neuroglia Cells | Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia and Ependymal Cells |
| Star-shaped cells that aid in cellular metabolism | Astrocytes |
| Responsible for creating myelin sheaths within the CNS. | Oligodendrocytes |
| Phagotizes any cellular debris. EX: Pacman | Microglia |
| Cells that line the cavities within the CNS, to help circulate cerebrospinal fluid. This layer is the blood brain barrier. Alcohol, recreation drugs, nicotine and anesthesia can break through this barrier. | Ependymal Cells |
| Open and free communication, so neurons can communicate with one another. Is unmyelinated tissue. | Grey Matter |
| Myleinated tissue, that has walls and no free communication between the neurons. | White Matter |
| Protective tissue around nervous tissue in CNS. | Myelin Sheath |
| Consists of only the brain and spinal cord | Central Nervous System (CNS) |
| Consists of the rest of the nervous system and the 12 cranial nerves | Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| Creates myelin sheath (like a set of beads, which creates another myelin sheath) or a protective covering around axons. Like a band-aid middle part being the nucleus and the sticky part is the cytoplasm. | Schwann Cells |
| Little gaps in the Schwann cell that allows for information to get to the neurons faster | Nodes of Ranvier |
| Classifications of Neurons and Neuroglia Cells, which is based on the numbers of processes | Unipolar neuron, Bi-polar neuron and Multi-polar neurons |
| Single process or dendrite extending from its cell body. Can receive information but does not interpret it. | Unipolar Neuron |
| Two processes or dendrites extending from its cell body. Can receive information and interpret it, then moves on. Ex: eyes and tastebuds | Bipolar Neuron |
| Many processes or dendrites extending from its cell body. Receives information from everywhere at once, interprets and sends out appropriate responses. Ex: gossiping neurons | Multipolar Neurons |
| A terminal end of a nerve or a point at which a nerve meets something (organ, muscle or another nerve) to convey information | Synapse |
| Four components of a synapse | Presynaptic neuron, Synaptic Cleft, Neurotransmitter, Postsynaptic Neuron |
| The portion of a nerve before receiving info | Presynaptic Neuron |
| Chamber in a cell that can hold anything in the neuron or holds the transmitter | Vesicle |
| The space between neurons and its intended target. | Synaptic Cleft |
| The chemical catalyst or stimulant that determines how far the information has to go. | Neurotransmitter |
| The target that receives the information | Postsynaptic Neuron |
| Less than the appropriate amounts of neurotransmitters that are released & received in short supply. Ex: Twitch | Sub-threshold Stimulus |
| Adequate amounts of neurotransmitter or acetocholine and therefore is transmitted into a full contraction. | Threshold Stimulus |
| Six types of synapses that occur, the type of common communication. | Axondendritic, Axosomatic, Dendrodendritic, Axoaxonic, Convergence and Divergence |
| Linear thinking synapse, is straightforward | Axondendritic |
| Synapse where the axon bypasses the dendrite and goes to the body of the neuron | Axosomatic |
| Synapse that spends time gathering information before responding. | Dendrodentritic |
| Synapse where all axons are doing the same action. Ex: the wave at a stadium | Axoaxonic |
| Synapse where all information comes from everywhere that comes down to one point. In class, hearing talking, learning, action is to take notes | Convergence |
| Synapse from a single source that spreads to all neurons. Ex: child walking in front of bus, instinct save child. | Divergence |
| Starts with a local reversal in the membrane potential that changes the ion concentration on either side of the membrane. | Impulse |
| Sodium ions line up on the surface of the membrane, the capability to do work but is not doing anything at the moment. | Resting Potential |
| The surface charge disappears and the sodium channels open and potassium channels close, at the peak of action. | Depolarization OR Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential |
| All potassium ions leave through the potassium channels. | Repolarization |
| All channels open, simultaneously the potassium ions leave the membrane and sodium ions enter the mebrane. | Hyperpolarization OR Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential |
| This process occurs on every single segment of the membrane, in a wavelike pattern until the entire nerve is effected. | Action Potential |
| Five types of neurotransmitters | Acetylcholine, Biogenic Amines, Amino acids, Neuropeptides and Gases |
| Found in CNS and PNS. Controls skeletal muscle. Can excite or inhibit autonomic responses or neuromuscular transmitters | Acetylcholine |
| A synapse that occurs without thinking about it. Ex: Breathing | Autnomic Synapse |
| Synapse that occurs because it is controlled. Ex: moving your hand off a burner | Voluntary Synapse |
| 4 type of Biogeneic Amines | Norepinephrine or Norepidrenaline, Dopamine, Serotonin and Histamines |
| Found in CNS & PNS, work on autonomic actions. Is calming neurotransmitter. Brings body into homeostasis | Norepinephrine or Norepidrenaline |
| Found in CNS & PNS, creates a sense of well being. Deficiency in some areas are associated with Parkinson's disease. may excite or inhibit depending on receptors. | Dopamine |
| Found in CNS. Is an inhibitory neurotransmitter which leads to sleepiness | Serotonin |
| Found in CNS. Releases in hypothalmus and promotes alertness. | Histamine |
| 2 types of Amino Acids | GABA and Glutamate |
| Found in CNS. Generally inhibitory. | GABA |
| Found in CNS. Generally exhibitory. | Glutamate |
| 2 types of Neuropeptides | Enkephalins/Endorphins and Substance P |
| Found in CNS. Generally inhibitory. Reduces pain by inhibiting the release of substance P. Ex: gives sensational feeling from eating chocolate and having sex. | Enkephalins/Endorphins |
| Found in PNS. Is excitatory. Pain perception. Lets the body know when it is in pain. | Substance P |
| Found in CNS & PNS. Is a gas. Plays a role in memory for CNS. Causes vasodilation in PNS. | Nitric Acid |
| Dilation of the blood vessels. Ex: Dilating to send blood to brain. | Vasodilation |
Created by:
FKrouse
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