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Blood
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Factors that adapt red blood cells to their job of carrying oxygen to the tissues of the body. | Flexibility, lack of organelles, large volume to surface area ratio. |
| What are platelets? | Cytoplasmic fragments that assist in blood clotting. |
| Extrinsic pathway | Shorter, faster, 15 seconds after damage, initial clot. Begins with release of tissue factor, more damage = more tissue factor. |
| Intrinsic pathway | Slower, reinforces initial clot. Begins with the activation of proenzymes exposed to collegan fibers at the injury site. Release of platelet factor. |
| What can compromise the intrinsic pathway? | a disease that alters the collagen fiber structure so that platelets do not adhere. |
| How is blood able to raise the body's temperature? | redistributing heat from the body's surface to the internal core. |
| Without mitochondria, RBC's are relatively inefficient in terms of energy use, but adventageous to RBC function. Why? | Because it ensures that any oxygen the RBC's absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues. |
| What is the main event of the coagulation phase? | Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. |
| Embolus | A drifting clot that is not stuck to the vessel wall. Abnormal mass within blood stream. |
| Embolism | Vascular blockage, when an embolus becomes lodged in and blocks circulation down stream, killing that tissue. |
| Stroke | When an embolus of the arterial system become lodged in capillaries of the brain. |
| Pulmonary embolism | When an embolus form in the venous system is lodged in the capillaries of the lung. |
| Thrombus | A blood clot attached to the vessel wall, because a built up of platelets on the wall has ensued. Lodged between the platelets. |
| Hypoxia | Kidneys try to re-establish homeostasis by releasing erthropoietin. |
| What is the breakdown product of globular proteins of each hemoglobin molecule? | Amino acids |
| What is the repair mechanism that gradually dissolves a clot? | Fibrinolysis |
| What begins fibrinolysis? | the activation of plasminogen |
| Albumin | The primary plasma protein, and responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure. |
| What makes up plasma? | 7% plasma proteins, 1% other solutes, 92% water. |
| What makes up Whole blood? | Plasma 55% and formed elements 45% |
| What makes up formed elements? | Platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells 99.9% |
| Hematocrit | The percentage of whole blood volume contributed by formed elements. (Packed cell volume PCV). 46 in males 42 in females. |
| Serum | The ground substance of blood plasma which clotting agents have been removed. |
| List the three types of plasma proteins? | albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen. 99% of plasma proteins. |
| Fibrin | Insoluble protein fibers that form the basic framework of a blood clot. |
| What type of blood cell is not capable of mitosis, or any cell division? | Red Blood Cells (RBC) |
| What is the main difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways in the halting of bleeding? | The extrinsic pathway begins outside the bloodstream, while the intrinsic begins inside the bloodstream. |
| The process that occurs after agglutination is? | hemolysis |
| Steps in a cross reaction | Antibodies react with their target antigens causing agglutination (clumping) and hemolysis of the effects RBC's. |
| Explain blood type | Blood type depends on the presence of surface antigens (agglutinogens) on RBC surfaces. The plasma contains antibodies that with react with foreign surface antigens. |
| Which ABO blood type has neither A, B, or Rh antigens? | type O negative |
| As blood flows through the peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBC's? | |
| If an erythrocyte makes anti-B of antibodies, what is the surface antigen? | Surface antigen A |
| What can harmfully effect blood clotting? | Any factor that lowers plasma calcium ion concentration |
| What is the main event of the coagulation phase? | Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. |
| White Blood Cells are structurally | nucleated and spheroid |
| RBC's are structurally | anucleated and bicomcave |
| Platelets are structurally | anucleated and a cell fragment |
| The biggest difference between plasma and serum? | presence/absence of clotting proteins. Serum has none. |
| Primary function of RBC's? | Carry gases such as carbon dioxide and oxygen |
| What is the formation of red blood cells called? | erthropoiesis |
| What is anemia? | A condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of red blood cells is reduced, and can be caused by insufficient amounts of vitamin B12 |
| What antibodies does type AB blood have? | it does not have anti-A or anti-B antibodies |
| What determines a person's blood type? | presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane |
| The primary function of white blood cells is to... | help defend the body against infection organisms |
| Primary functions of blood: | temperature control, defense, and transporting. not storage. |
| Type A has what surface antigen? | Surface antigen A! type B = surface antigen B, type O no surface antigens. |
Created by:
iessnorris
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