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A&P 1
Chapters 1-6 Midterm questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following groups of elements account for more than 95% of the human body by weight? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| If the concentration of glucose in the water outside of a cell is higher than the concentration inside, | water will leave the cell by osmosis. |
| Nucleic acids are | composed of building blocks called nucleotides. |
| Chemistry is important to the study of physiology because | all of the above. 1-the foods that we eat are chemicals. 2-body functions depend on cellular functions that reflect chemical changes. 3-chemical reactions enable our bodies to extract energy from nutrients. |
| Lipids | all of the above. 1-are insoluble in water. 2-include phospholipids, cholesterol, and fats. 3-contain C, H, and O, but with proportionately less oxygen than in carbohydrates. |
| Cells lose water when placed in a __________ solution. | hypertonic |
| The elbow is distal to the wrist. | False |
| Which of the choices includes all acids? | Vinegar, grapes, tomatoes, and coffee |
| Stages of the cell cycle unfold in the following order: | interphase, mitosis, cytoplasmic division, differentiation |
| The secondary structure of a protein molecule is the result of | hydrogen bonds. |
| In negative feedback mechanisms changes away from the normal state | stimulate changes in the opposite direction. |
| The symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron. | True |
| Cilia and flagella extend from certain cells, enabling them to move. | True |
| Which of the following correctly describes the structural organization of the cell membrane? | A bilayer of phospholipid molecules in which protein molecules are embedded and can move |
| What characteristic do simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion share? | Both move a substance from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration without cellular energy. |
| During interphase, a cell rests. | False |
| Which of the following is not true of organelles? | They are only in cells of humans. |
| Which of the following groups of compounds is hydrophobic? | Lipids |
| Microfilaments and microtubules are part of the cytoskeleton. | True |
| The activities of an anatomist consist of ______, whereas those of a physiologist consist of _____. | observing body parts; studying functions of body parts |
| Which of the following substances is an element? | Iron |
| Saturated fats _______ than unsaturated fats. | have more single carbon-carbon bonds |
| A selectively permeable membrane | allows some substances to pass through and excludes others. |
| Which of the following transport processes does not require expenditure of cellular energy? | Facilitated diffusion |
| When the body is placed in the anatomical position, which of the following is not true? | The palms are facing backward. |
| A cell that can divide to give rise to any cell type is | totipotent. |
| Signs of aging at the cellular level are | impaired cell division and the ability to break down and recycle worn cell parts. |
| Metabolism is defined as _____. | all the chemical reactions occurring in an organism that support life |
| The three major parts of a cell are | the nucleus, cytoplasm, and cell membrane. |
| The number of protons in an atom of an element always equals its atomic weight. | False |
| The relationship of osmotic pressure and the number of solute particles in a solution is the | greater the number of solute particles, the greater the osmotic pressure. |
| The atoms of the isotopes of a particular element vary in the number of | Neutrons |
| Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity? | The liver |
| A decomposition reaction can be symbolized by | AB → A + B. |
| The oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities are in the dorsal cavity. | False |
| Which of the following lists best illustrates the idea of increasing levels of complexity? | Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems |
| An electrolyte ionizes in water. | True |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum does not. | False |
| A water solution that contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is | Neutral |
| Homeostasis is the | tendency of the body to maintain a stable internal environment. |
| Which of the following is an example of catabolism? | The breakdown of glucose in the cytoplasm and mitochondria. |
| A cofactor is ______ and examples are _____. | a necessary part of some enzymes; copper, iron, and zinc |
| Dehydration synthesis reactions _____, whereas hydrolysis reactions _____. | lose H2O to form bonds; use H2O to break bonds |
| Catabolism builds up molecules and anabolism breaks down molecules. | False |
| An active site of an enzyme is | the part of an enzyme that combines with a substrate. |
| A cell may contain hundreds of different types of enzymes. True | True |
| Which choice lists structures in order of increasing size? | nitrogenous base - nucleotide - gene - chromosome - genome |
| A glucose molecule is broken down into two pyruvic acid molecules in | Glycolysis |
| If one strand of DNA has the sequence TCAGGCTATTCCCG, then the complementary sequence of the other strand is | AGTCCGATAAGGGC. |
| An ATP molecule consists of an adenine, a ribose, and three phosphates. | True |
| An enzyme is | a molecule, usually a protein, that speeds the rate of a biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy |
| ATP is important to cellular processes because it | provides energy for cellular work when the terminal, high-energy bond is broken. |
| The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme complexes that pass electrons, releasing energy that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane. | True |
| Which of the following is not true regarding RNA? | It is double-stranded. |
| Which of the following substances increases in abundance during cellular respiration? | ATP |
| "Metabolism" refers to | all of the chemical reactions in a cell. |
| A serous membrane consists of a | layer of simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of areolar tissue. |
| Tissues are groups of cells that have a common overall function, yet are distinctive in their characteristic cell types and the molecules that the cells produce. | True |
| Adipose tissue is a form of | connective tissue. |
| The tissue that forms the outermost layer of the skin is a type of connective tissue. | False |
| A _______ membrane lines tubes and cavities that open to the outside of the body. | Mucous |
| A skeletal muscle fiber contains many nuclei. | True |
| The type of intercellular junction that forms tubular channels is | a gap junction. |
| Bone cells form concentric circles around longitudinal tubes called | central canals. |
| Which of the following is not one of the four basic types of body tissues? | Eye tissue |
| Tendons and ligaments are composed primarily of | dense regular connective tissue. |
| Blood is composed of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets suspended in a fluid extracellular matrix called plasma. | True |
| The type of intercellular junction that consists of fused membranes is a(an) | tight junction |
| Involuntary muscle tissues are | smooth muscle tissue and cardiac muscle tissue. |
| Smooth muscle is found in the wall of the | stomach and intestine. |
| Histology is the study of the history of anatomy and physiology. | False |
| Which of the following characteristics is used to name tissue types? | Organization of cells |
| The tissue through which gases are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs is | simple squamous epithelium. |
| A (An) ______ gland does not branch before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part. | simple |
| Muscle cells with more than one nucleus are | skeletal muscle cells only. |
| What determines the color of skin? | The amount of melanin that melanocytes produce. |
| Inflammation makes skin | red, swollen and painful to touch. |
| Blood vessels in the ___________ supply epidermal cells with nutrients. | Dermis |
| Which person is at highest risk of developing a cutaneous carcinoma? | a light-complexioned man age 52 who goes to the beach on summer weekends and does not use sunblock because he likes to be tan. |
| Which of the following happens first after a scab forms? | fibroblasts from the wound edge form new collagenous fibers. |
| Milk and ear wax | are secreted from modified sweat glands. |
| The arrector pili muscle is attached to | a hair follicle. |
| The hardness of a nail comes from | keratin. |
| Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with | muscles, glands, and sensory receptors. |
| Injections that are administered into the tissues of the skin are called | intradermal. |
| Hypothermia is | a lowered body temperature. |
| Skin cancer is most likely to develop from | nonpigmented epithelial cells. |
| The dermis is composed largely of | dense irregular connective tissue |
| Shafts of hair are composed of | dead epidermal cells. |
| Aging affects the appearance of the skin producing wrinkles and sagging due to decreased collagen and elastin formation. | True |
| In treating a burn patient, the "rule of nines" is used to estimate the | surface area of the burn. |
| A second degree burn is the same as a full-thickness burn. | False |
| Eccrine sweat glands differ from sebaceous glands | all of the above. 1-in type of secretion. 2-in their location. 3-in whether or not they are associated with hair follicles. |
| The human integumentary system includes | skin, nails, hair follicles, and sweat glands |
| As epidermal cells move up through the strata away from their blood supply, they die and become keratinized. | True |
| Skin wrinkles with age because | fat is lost from the subcutaneous layer and the dermis shrinks. |
| Cutaneous carcinomas are usually caused by regular exposure to | ultraviolet light. |
| Three physiological factors that affect the color of skin are: volume of blood in dermal vessels, carotene in the subcutaneous layer, and various diseases | True |
| A nail consists of | a nail bed and nail plate. |
| Which of the following is a normal response to excessive loss of body heat in a cold environment? | Dermal blood vessels constrict. |
| A parietal layer of a serous membrane _______, whereas a visceral layer of a serous membrane ________. | lines cavities; covers organs |
| The anatomical term that indicates a structure close to the surface is | superficial |
| Which of the following characteristics of life and their descriptions are correct? | Circulation-the movement of substances in body fluids |
| In all organisms, the basic unit of structure and function is | the cell. |
| The thoracic cavity lies _____________ the abdominopelvic cavity. | superior to |
| The ears are lateral to the eyes. | True |
| An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is a __________ section. | sagittal |
| The ability of an organism to sense and react to changes in its body illustrates | responsiveness. |
| Kidneys are part of the lymphatic system. | False |
| A chemical reaction in which parts of different molecules trade positions is a(n) | exchange reaction. |
| Which of the following is characteristic of carbohydrates? | all of the above. 1-They contain C, H, O, with twice as many hydrogen as oxygen atoms. 2-They provide much of the energy that the cell requires. 3-They include sugars and starches. |
| Electrolytes are substances that | ionize in water. |
| The atomic weight of an element whose atoms contain 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 8 neutrons is | 16 |
| The difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions with pH 4 and pH 5 is | tenfold. |
| An organic compound always contains | carbon and hydrogen. |
| The formula H2O refers to | A molecule that contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. |
| The major components of the cell membrane are | lipids and proteins. |
| Which of the following does not influence the rate of diffusion? | The amount of energy available for transport molecules |
| Apoptosis is also known as | programmed cell death |
| The process by which cells specialize is called differentiation. | True |
| A protein that spans the cell membrane is termed a(n) | integral protein. |
| For which of the following organelles is the structure and function correctly described? | Endoplasmic reticulum-a network of interconnected membranes forming sacs and canals that packages protein molecules for secretion |
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