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Digestive System
Vocabulary
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Absorption | Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream |
| Amino Acid | Small building blocks of protein (like links in a chain), released when the proteins are digested |
| Amylase | Enzyme (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o) |
| Anus | Terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body |
| Appendix | Bind pouch handing from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant {RLQ}). It literally means handing (pend/o) onto (ap-, which is a form of ad-) |
| Bile | Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules |
| Bilirubin | Pigment released by the liver in bile |
| Bowel | Intestine |
| Canine Teeth | Pointed, dog-like teeth (canine means pertaining to dog) next to he incisions. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth |
| Cecum | First part of the large intestine |
| Colon | Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments |
| Common Bile Duct | Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus |
| Defecation | Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus |
| Deglutition | Swallowing |
| Dentin | Primary material found in the teeth It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root |
| Digestion | Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms |
| Duodenum | First part of the small intestine. Duo=2, den=10, measures 12 inches long |
| Eliminiation | Act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces |
| Emulsification | Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat |
| Enamel | Hard, outermost layer of the tooth |
| Enzyme | Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances |
| Esophagus | Tube connecting the throat to the stomach |
| Fatty Acids | Substances produced when fats are digested |
| Feces | Solid waste; stool |
| Gallbladder | Small sac under the liver; stores bile |
| Glucose | Simple sugar |
| Glycogen | Starch; glucose is stored in liver cells in this form |
| Hydrochloric Acid | Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion of food |
| Ileum | Third part of the small intestine |
| Incisor | Any one of four front teeth in the dental arch |
| Insulin | Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver |
| Jejunum | Second part of the small intestine |
| Lipase | Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats |
| Liver | Large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen; secretes bile; stores sugar, iron and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out RBC; and filters out toxins; eights about 2.5-3 pounds |
| Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) | Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach, also called cardiac sphincter |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Molar Teeth | Sixth, seventh and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch |
| Palate | Roof of the mouth. The hard lies anterior to the soft and is supported by the upper jawbone (maxilla). The soft is the posterior fleshly part between the mouth and the throat |
| Pancreas | Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods) |
| Papillae | Small projections on the tongue, nipple-like elevation |
| Parotid Gland | Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear |
| Peristalsis | Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs |
| Pharynx | Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose |
| Portal Vein | Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines |
| Protease | Enzyme that digests protein |
| Pulp | Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vesssels |
| Pyloric Sphincter | Ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum |
| Pylorus | Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum |
| Rectum | Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus |
| Rugae | Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach |
| Saliva | Digestive juice produced by salivary glands |
| Salivary Glands | Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands |
| Sigmoid Colon | Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum |
| Sphincter | Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening |
| Stomach | Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus |
| Triglycerides | Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol |
| Uvula | Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate |
| Villi | Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream |
Created by:
gallo.mandy
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