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Anatomy Stuff
2nd semester anatomy notes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| secretes onto body surfaces | exocrine |
| secretes into the bloodstream | endocrine |
| gland that regulates sleep patterns | pineal gland |
| hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla | epi and norepi |
| lays down calcium | calcitonin |
| produced by the C cells of the thyroid gland | calcitonin |
| hormone that causes another hormone to be released | releasing hormones |
| are releasing hormones trophic or atrophic | trophic |
| hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland | GH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, TSH |
| hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland | ADH, OT |
| moves glucose into cells from blood | insulin |
| these veins are the stalks of the pituitary gland | hypophyseal portal veins |
| problem with insulin production | diabetes mellitus |
| ENDOCRINE hormones secreted by the pancreas | insulin, glucogon, SS |
| hormones secreted by the hypothalamus | CRH, GHRH, TRH |
| what kind of hormones does the hypothalamus secrete | releasing hormones |
| causes mental sluggishess, extreme weight gain | hypothyroidism |
| another name for hypothyroidism | myxedema |
| causes extreme weigh loss and jitteriness | hyperthyroidism |
| the layers of the adrenal cortex | zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis |
| hormone secreted by the zona glomerulosa | MC |
| hormone secreted by the zona fasiculata | GC |
| hormone secreted by the zona reticularis | androgen |
| name for hormones secreted by the thymus gland | thymosins |
| main function of the pancreas | regulates glucose |
| triiodothryronine | released by thyroid, controls metabolism |
| prostaglandins | travels to nearby tissues and relaxes smooth muscles |
| what is required by the thyroid gland to remain at a small size | iodine |
| hormones released by the thyoid gland | T3, T4 |
| what is systolic pressure | pressure when contracted |
| what is the timing relationship between atrial contraction/relaxation and ventricular contraction/relaxation | they contract/relax at opposite times |
| give the valves of the heart | bicuspid |
| list the pathway of the cardiac conduction system | SA node -> AV node -> AV bundle -> purkinje fibers |
| path of blood through the heart | right atrium > right ventricle > pulmonary artery > pulmonary vein > left ventricle > left atrium > aorta |
| what is the SA node | pacemaker of the heart |
| what does the vagus nerve do when involved in heart action | slows down the heart |
| what is the purpose of chordae tendinae | holds valves open/closed |
| EKC patterns | P wave, QRS wave, T wave |
| Sterling's Law | the farther a cardial muscle fiber is stretched, the greater force it will rebound with |
| what is the parietal pericardium | membrane around the percardial cavity |
| comparison in blood volume of arteries and veins | veins hold much more blood |
| layers of the heart | epicardium, myocardium, endocardium |
| in capillaries, _____ wins on the arteriole end, but _____ wins on the venule end | hydrostatic pressure, osmotic pressure |
| capillary wall structure | simple squamous epithelium |
| branches of the aorta | subclavian, brachiocephalic |
| what factors affect blood pressure | volume, heart action, viscosity, peripheral resistance |
| what is distalic pressure | pressure during relaxation |
| celiac artery provides blood to what organs | digestive organs |
| the major blood vessel to intestine | messentary |
| carotid arteries go to the... | head |
| what are the common iliac arteries | branches at the bottom of the aorta |
| pulmonary arteries go to the... | lungs |
| coronary arteries go to the... | myocardium (heart muscle) |
| what effects do norepi and acetylcholine have on the SA node and in turn the heart | norepi speeds it up, ACH slows it down |
| what is hemostasis | blood clotting |
| serum vs plasma | serum - does not have clotting factors |
| plasma constituents | watrer, blood cells, CO2, O2, amino acids, proteins, etc. |
| RBC characteristics | donut without a hole, filled with hemoglobin |
| how long do RBCs live | 120 days |
| what is carbohemoglobin | CO2 + hemoglobin |
| how do blood clots form | platelets form platelet plug, prothrombin converts to thrombin and causes fibrinogen to convert to fibrin |
| what is pernicious anemia | not enough vitamin B12 |
| blood component & %s | formed-45% plasma-55% |
| what is iron-deficiency anemia | not enough iron and in turn not enough hemoglobin |
| what is used in the production of hemoglobin | iron |
| which is the most abundant in blood, neutrophils or lymphocytes | neutrophils |
| what is oxyhemoglobin | oxygen + hemoglobin |
| what is deoxyhemoglobin | hemoglobin w/o oxygen |
| what is the average number of RBCs in blood | 5 million |
| what is the average number of WBCs in blood | 5000 - 10000 |
| what is the average number of platelets in blood | 130000 - 360000 |
| what is leukopenia | to few WBCs |
| what is leukocytosis | to many WBCs |
| what are the three types of granulocytes (WBCs) | neutrophils, eosinophils,basophils |
| what are the two types of agranulocytes (WBCs) | lymphocytes, monocytes |
| what does fibrinogen do | turns into fibrin in blood clot formation to create a clot |
| what do glomaglobulins do | form antibodies |
| what do albumins do | holds water |
| what do agglutinogens and agglutinins do in blood | form antigens and antibodies |
| what are the only phagocytic WBCs | neutrophils and monocytes |
| what are the layers of the GI tract | mucousa, submucousa, muscularis, serosa |
| what does salivary amylase break down | carbohydrates |
| what does pepsin break down | protein in the stomach |
| what does gastrin cause in the stomach | causes glands to secrete |
| what is contained in the tooth root | blood vessels and nerves |
| what is tthe first part of the small intestine called | duodenum |
| what is the main digestive function of the pancreas | to release enzymes that break down all types of foods |
| what are plica and villi | folds in intestinal wall/ stuff in small intestine |
| what is "heartburn" | acid regurgitation |
| name functions of the liver | makes bile, breaks down stuff, stores glycogen, etc |
| what are the hepatic ducts | ducts in the liver |
| what is in bile | biliverdin, bilirubin, cholesterol, bile salts |
| what are the three parts of the small intestine | duodenum, jujunum, illium |
| what is intrinsic factor | amount of vitamin B12 |
| what is the ileocecal valve | valve between the small intestine and the large intestine |
| where is the cardiac sphincter | bottom of the esophagus |
| what are the parts of the large intestine | ascending, transcending, descending, sigmoid |
| what are the end products of fat digestion | glycerol, fatty acids |
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Squeakurs
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